UNFCCC WORKSHOP ON THE PREPARATION OF NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS

UNFCCC WORKSHOP ON THE PREPARATION OF NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM ANNEX I PARTIES Policies & measures and national circumstances in Denmark Bonn March 2000 Ture Hammar Danish Energy Agency Ministry of Environment and Energy

Overview national circumstances l international development l reduction targets l policies and measures l

1970 s: Pioneering and Crises l l l Environment Pioneering » EPA & grassroots » Clean up dust, lead, sulphur etc. » Immissions and diffusion Energy Crisis » DE 76 » Danish Energy Agency and Ministry » El & heat & gas institutions Playing field dynamic » municipal reform » new actors » cimate issue unimportant

1980 s: Expanding activities l l l Environment regime » SO 2, NOx bubbles » planning of resources » EIA, technology assessment Energy sector expands » Gas & district heat structure » Renewable & CHP options » National and local planning Playing field crowded » Huge and versatile involvement » World Commission report

1990 s: Integration & reorientation l l l Sustainability & environment » CO 2 & climate convention » globalisation » new integrated approaches Sustainable energy » E 2000 and E 21 » Energy efficiency, CHP and renewables » Reform Playing field » Internationalisation » Merger of environment and energy » Climate, Agenda 21

International Liberalisation l EU liberalisation » affects energy sector & environment » favours technologies » new actor paradigm » confusion and backlash » preoccupies sector for 10 years + » playing field not satisfactory » environment may be loser

Rio + Kyoto: sustainability? l l Rio missed agreement on sustainable energy Climate convention gave angled approach to energy Kyoto Protocol has many loops and loopholes » general ceilings » six gases » transfer possible in all dimensions » complex paradoxial mechanisms » unclear commitments Will COP 6 bis deliver an answer?

International implementation instruments l l l l UN/GEF UNDP, WB, UNEP, UN/ECE Bilateral donors PEEREA, IEA/OECD Aarhus Conference » sustainable energy » national commitments » win-win co-operation EU action plan and renewable/CHP directives Baltic Sea co-operation

Danish reduction targets l l First target set in 1990 - 20% CO 2 in 2005 Voluntary target in 2000 - 5% inside EU bubble Kyoto target EU - 8% 2008 -2012, six GHGs Danish bubble-target - 21% 2008 -2012 » Danish total emissions varied with up till 28% annually over the 1990 s due to import and export of electricity in wet and dry seasons of Scandinavia!!! l When corrected for electricity trade, Danish reduction is (almost) progressing as scheduled

Reduction balance 1990 -2008/12 l Reductions by sector, total - 16. 6% (4. 4% p. t. missing)

Policies & measures in energy sector l Energy intensity minus 55% over 3 decades » Energy efficiency in end use l Cleaner energy » CHP on gas & renewables » Renewable energy 35% of total energy over 3 decades » Outphase condensing power production and coal

Energy efficiency: - Wide range of policies & measures Taxation/subsidies/funds l Voluntary agreements l Labelling, standards, procurement l Campaigns, rebates, education l DSM as PSO in energy companies l

Electricity reform: - Sustains renewable energy and CHP l l Protection of CHP and renewables CO 2 quota for large CHP and condensing » minus 5% each year » benefits to CHP » grandfathering Tax/subsidy/grant for small producers Green certificate market » start 2002 » EU directive

Transportation Taxation/subsidies l Management l Public transport l Urban planning l International standards l Labelling l

Other measures JI & CDM & trading programmes l International & regional co-operation l Schemes for GHG gases l Agriculture, industry, forestry, etc. l R&D l Greenland l Protective measures l

Conclusion l National circumstances combine » national tradition » impact from energy crises » broad dedication to environmental issues l International basis is complex due to » many versatile institutions » lack of practical formula between market and environment policies l l Danish reduction targets are ambitious but heavily dependent on EU conditions Domestic policies & measures cover a wide range of options and emphasise domestic political will