Understanding and Using English Grammar Ch 06. Subject-Verb Agreement 정샘 영어 Academy
Context 1. Basics 2. In Expression of Quantity 3. Using Indefinite Nouns 4. Using Paired Conjunction 5. Gerund and Infinitive as Subjects 6. With Binary Nouns(쌍쌍명사) 7. With Collective nouns (집합명사) 8. With Aggregate nouns (군집명사) 9. More on Aggregate and Collective Nouns 10. With There & Here 11. Numeric & Measurement Expression 12. Some Irregularities 정샘 영어 Academy 2
1. Basics 단수 The sun shines. 명사 + 동사-s / -es: 3인칭 단수동사 현 재형 Birds sing. 복수 People in my country are friendly. 명사-s /es + 동사 두개이상의주어가 and로 연결되면 복수동사를 취한다. 예외) each/every man and woman is My brother lives in Seoul. My brother and sister live in Seoul. The glasses [over there under the window by the sink] are clean. My dog, [as well as my cats], likes cat food. 주어와 동사 사이에 phrases (구)가 삽입될 수 있으나 구는 주어와 동사의 일치에 아무 관련이 없다. There/here 문장은 진주어와 동사가 도치된 문 장으로 진짜주어는 동사 다음에 온다. 따라서 동 사는 뒤따르는 명사에 의해 결정 There is a book on the desk. There are books on the desk. Here comes the last runner. Here come the last runners. Every student is sitting down. (O) One, Every man, woman, and child needs love. //3인칭단수 - One student was late to the class. Every students is sitting down. (X) - Each student was late to the class. Every student are sitting down. (X) One, Everybody/Everyone/Everything hopes for peace. 정샘 영어 Academy each, every + 단수명사 + 단수동사 each, every 는 명사가 and로 연결되도 단 수동사 3
2. In Expression of Quantity Some of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사 Some of the + 단수명사 + 단수동사 One, each, every + 단수명사 + 단수동사 One of the, each of the, every one of the + 복수명사 + 단수동사 단수 복수 One student was late to the class. One of the students was late to the class. Each student was late to the class. Each of the students was late to the class. Each book and magazine is listed in the catalog. Every one of the students was late to the class. Every man, woman, and child needs love. Every student was late to the class. All은 구체적인 명사와 (the students) 결합시, of 생략가능 All of students 는 구 체적인 명사가 아니기 때문에 of가 all 다음에 올 수 없음 = All of the students in my class have … = All the students in my class have… = All students in my class have … = Each one of the students has … All of students must have an ID card. (X) The number of students in my class is fifteen. A number of students were late to school. The number of+복명+ 단동 A number of +복명+복 동 정샘 영어 Academy 4
3. Using Indefinite Pronouns(부정대명사) - Anybody, anyone, anything + - Nobody, no one, nothing 단수동사 - Somebody, someone, something - Everybody, everyone, everything Everybody who has not purchased the ticket cannot be in. 부정대명사는 항상 단수 취급 Nobody studies harder than Jim. Anybody who has lost his ticket cannot be entered. Something was happened yesterday. No/None/Some of the 는 of 다음에 오는 명 사에 의해 단복수 결정 No example is relevant to this case. No examples are relevant to this case. - No + 단수명사 + 단수동사 - No + 복수명사 + 복수동사 None of the missing children were found. - None of the + 단수명사 + 단수동사 None of the counterfeit money has been found. - None of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사 - Some of+단명+단동 Some of the book is good. - Some of+복명+복동 Some of the books are good. 정샘 영어 Academy 5
4. Using Paired Conjunctions Neither/Either + 명사 + nor/or + 단수명사 + 단수동사 Neither/Either + 명사 + nor/or + 복수명사 + 복수동사 Not only + 명사 + but also + 단수명사 + 단수동사 Not only + 명사 + but also + 복수명사 + 복수동사 Both + 명사 + and + 명사 + 복수동사 Neither Anna nor Jim is going to the party. Neither/ either의 경우 nor/or 뒤에 나오는 명사에 의해 단 복수 결정 Either Anna or Jim is going to the party. either/neither 가 or /nor 없이 사용되면 단수명사 + 단수 동사 Neither Anna nor her friends are going to the party. 참고: Either Anna or her friends are going to the party. Jim is both talented and handsome. If either of you takes a day off tomorrow, we will not be able to finish the task. Anna plays both the guitar and the violin. // Both는 항상 복수 She excels both in music and in science. Both My mother and my father are here. Tom both plays the piano and compose music both + 형용사, 명사, 부사, 전치사, 동사 He writes both correctly and neatly. 참고: not only+형용사, 명사, 부사, 전치사, 동사 Jim is not only talented but also handsome. // but also 다음에 나오는 명사가 단/복수 결정 Anna plays not only the guitar but also the violin. Not only my mother but also my father is here. He writes not only correctly but also neatly. Not only my mother but also my friends are here. Tom not only plays the piano but also compose music. She excels not only in music but also in science. 정샘 영어 Academy 6
5. Using Gerund, Infinitives as Subjects 모든 동명사와 To부정사는 항 상 단수동사 Playing soccer is fun. Dieting is very popular today. Writing many letters is a way to improve English. Sending a gift makes her happy. Writing many English letters and Reading English newspapers is(또는 are) a way to improve your English. // 하나의 의미로 인식 Running and walking are my favorite sport. // 두개를 각각 별개의 종목 으로 인식 동명사/To 부정사가 and로 연 결된 경우 - 각각의 내용이 별개로 취급되 면 복수로, 하나의 의미로 취급되 면 단수로 받습니다 Running and walking is my favorite sport. (X) // 두개를 하나의 종목으로 인식(하나의 운동에 달리고 걷는 종목이 모두 포함된 ) To teach and to learn are different. To get up early and to go to bed early make a man healthy. 정샘 영어 Academy 7
6. with Binary Nouns (쌍쌍명사) Binary Noun개념: 단어 자체 의미가 쌍 또는 2개의 부분으로 구성된 단어(as having 2 parts) 단어는 복수형이지만 의미는 하나의 개체로 간주 의미상 하나의 개체지만 형태가 복수형이라 복수 동사와 결합 단수를 만들기 위해서는 a pair of 를 사용 + 단수동사와 결합 종류: 도구(tools), Clothing(주로 하반신쪽에 입는 옷), 광학 렌즈(optical lenses) Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses, Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls(위아래가 붙은 작업복) Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋, 집게), tweezers, chopstick(s) A pair of … + Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses, Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋, 집게), tweezers, chopstick(s) + Plural Verb + Singular Verb Scissors have very sharp edges. This pair of scissors is very sharp. The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. a pants is in the drawer. (X) 정샘 영어 Academy 8
7. with Collective Nouns(집합명사) Collective nouns(집합명사)는 단/복수형 모두 가능 집합명사의 경우 일반적으로 개별적인 것들이 모인 전체를 하나의 그룹으로 인식하면 단수형 개별적인 것들을 각각 의미하면 복수형 Audience, couple, congress, family, group, committee, class organization, team, army, club, crowd, government, jury, majority*, minority, public My family is big. It is composed of ten people. 가족을 My family is (또는 are) very cooperative and cozy. They are always willing to help me. 개별 전체라는 하나의 그룹 으로 보기에 단수 대명사와 매칭 가족구성원 하나하나를 의미하기에 They라는 복수 인칭 대명사와 매칭 The crowd was wild with excitement. // 하나의 집합으로의 군중을 의미(집합명사) The crowd were excited with the game. // 군중에 속해있는 개개인을 의미(군집명사) A crowd was attracted to the scene of the accident. //참고: crowd는 복수형으로 crowds Crowds are gathering in the vicinity of Trafalgar Square. Our team is very strong team. We are going to win the game tomorrow. //처음의 팀은 하나의 단일 팀 으로 봄. 나중의 We는 팀 개개인을 의미 The soccer team lost the game. They felt unhappy with that. //팀 구성원 하나하나를 의미 정샘 영어 Academy 9
8. with Aggregate Nouns(군집명사) 군집명사는 유사한 개별적인 것들의 집합을 대표한다는 점에서 집합명사와 유사 군집명사는 항상 plural verb 와 결합, 집합명사는 일반적으로 singular verb와 결합 군집명사는 일반적으로 singular form 이 없으며, 따라서 a, an을 사용하지 않고 보통 the와 함께 쓰여 복수 취급 The police (경찰들) → a policeman (경찰 한사람) The clergy (성직자들) → a clergyman (성직자) The nobility (귀족들) → a nobleman (귀족) The peasantry (농민들) → a peasant (농민 한사람) The South Yorkshire police were not prepared to concede(인정하다) that they were in any respect at fault. 정샘 영어 Academy 10
9. More on Collective & Aggregate Nouns A majority of people believe Israel and Iran have a mainly negative influence in the world. people이 사용되었기에 복수동사 Majority 는 단/ 복수 둘 다 가능 ( 단독일때는 단수, 복수명사와 결합 할때는 복수형) The Majority believes that he is innocent. Majority 단독일 경우 단수 // 정관사/부정관사 없이 사용되고, 항상복수취급되는 단어들 // Cattle은 셀수 있는 단위 사용 동물의 집합이 나 그룹도 셀수 있 는 단위와 함께 단 수 취급가능 Cattle are grazing in the pasture. // Poultry, vermin은 셀수 있는 단위도 없으며 항상 복수 취급 Vermin are small creatures such as rats, bats, and lizards which are difficult to see. Poultry provide a substantial part of the global demand of proteins of animal origin. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. A flock of birds is circling overhead. A herd of cattle is breaking away. A flock of birds, A school of fish, A pride of lions, A herd of cattle, A pack of dogs, 정샘 영어 Academy 11
10. With There & Here There is a book on the desk. There is, was, has been + 단수 명사 There are many books on the desk. There are, were, have been + 복수 명사 There have been a number of calls today. There were too many people at the party. There was water on the floor when he fell. Here comes my son. Here come my friends. There/Here 문장은 원래 도치된 문장. 따 라서 동사는 뒤따르는 명사에 의해 결정됨. 단 There/Here 문장의 의미상의 주어가 대명사(I, He, She, We, they) 일경우 주어가 동사 앞에 온다. Here she comes. 정샘 영어 Academy 12
11. Numeric and Measurement Expression Twenty-five dollars is too much pay for the lunch. Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish the test. 시간, 돈, 거리등과 같은 측정단위 는 하나의 집합단위로 해석되어 단 수형 Ten miles is too much to run in one day. 숫자표현이 명사를 수식하는 형 용사를 역할을 하는 경우 하이폰으 로 연결되고 항상 단수형 The TOEFL test will last four hours // hours는 명사 It will be a four-hour TOEFL test. // four-hour는 형용 사역할 My daughter is three years old // years는 명사 I have a three-year-old daughter. 같은 수사 표현에 Of를 사용하면, of다음에 나오는 명사에 의해 결정 분수표현 Three-fourths of the cakes have been eaten. Three-fourths of the cake has been eaten. Fifty percent of the people is… // percent는 항상 단수 Fifty percent of the population is… Two and Two is four. Two and Two equals four. Two plus two is/equals four. Five times two is ten. Percent vs. percentage - percent/ percentage의 복수형 없 음 - 80 percent, fifty percent, … - small/large Percentage - fifty percentage (X) 수학적 정샘 영어 Academy 표현은 항상 단수 13
12. Some Irregularities 몇몇 국가명이나 학문명, 질명명등은 단어의 경우 끝이 –s로 끝나나 항상 단수 The news is interesting. The United States is big. The Philippines consists of more than 7000 islands. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City. Sears is a department store. Mathematics is easy for her. 언어명은 English is spoken in many countries. // 영어 The English drink tea. // 영국국민들, 항상 복수 단수 +언어명 = 그 나라 국민들. 항상 복수 The English = people from England. Chinese is her native language. // 중국어 The Chinese have an interesting history. // 중국국민 국가명이 –sh, -ese, -ch 로 끝나는 단어들 은 언어명과 국민이 동일 The Japanese were once called “economic animals. ” English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, French The + 형용사는 그 그룹 전체를 의미. The old, The young: The poor have many problems. // 가난한자들 The living, The dead: The rich get richer. // 부자들 The blind, The deaf, The handicapped: The + 동물명은 그 동물종류에 대한 총칭으로 단일 그룹취급 (Singular): 정관사 the을 부정 관사 용도로 사용하는 경우 -> 악기, 발명품, 동물 The cow is a useful animal. 정샘 영어 Academy 14
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