UNDERAGE DRINKING IS RARELY BLACK & WHITE MEAS CONFERENCE, 14 th OCTOBER 2004
§ § J. 5313 LR/lf § § MEAS keen to understand address the issue. § UNDERAGE DRINKING Widely reported phenomenon. If we don't understand the problem we can't address it. Focus on effect … not causes. Prior research tends to be academic. Ireland pretty much tops the league table (ESPAD etc). Behaviour & Attitudes appointed to manage a programme of research in 2003. 2
QUALITATIVE Focus groups with Children Focus groups with Parents RESEARCH ELEMENTS QUANTITATIVE Nationally representative survey of 400 12 -17 year olds J. 5313 LR/lf 3
§ Nine focus groups with children and teens (1 to 2 hours duration). – Three aged 10 & 11, three aged 13 &14, three aged 16 & 17. – Broad social class range. QUALITATIVE IN DETAIL – Single sex. – Recruited as friendship pairs. – Some eldest child, some second/third child. – Parental consent in writing. – Research did not prompt/introduce inappropriate ideas. J. 5313 LR/lf 4
§ Three focus groups with mothers. – Some 'first timers', others not. – All drink alcohol themselves. – Some mothers of boys, other mothers of girls. QUALITATIVE IN DETAIL J. 5313 LR/lf – 2 hours in length. § Fieldwork September 2003; 3 moderators (mixed sex, age). 5
§ 400 interviews with a nationally representative, quota sample of 12 -17 year olds. – Equal numbers at each age. – Matching census vis-à-vis sex, age, region and area. QUANTITATIVE IN DETAIL – Socio-economic classification mirroring the national population structure. – Prior written parental consent, but completed with interviewer and with guarantee of confidentiality. – Low refusal rate. J. 5313 LR/lf 6
STRUCTURE J. 5313 LR/lf § § § § Core themes from the study Not black & white Consumption level Consent Drunkenness Access Domestic drinking Honesty Parent-child relationship Cultural context Rule setting Attitude context Affluence & privilege Popular culture, the media & alcohol 7
J. 5313 LR/lf Widespread … yes § § CORE THEMES FROM THE RESEARCH § § § § From rules to trust Worse now? … maybe More options, more money, more freedom Media exposure Access Parenting styles and domestic alcohol use Permitted access … but not a substitute for experimentation Dishonesty and boundary testing Parental involvement Lowest common denominator behaviour 8
§ § § UNDERAGE DRINKING IS RARELY BLACK & WHITE J. 5313 LR/lf Ambiguities. § § § Don't be dictatorial … there are worse things. Often 'allowed' from 15 -16: not illicit. Parents prefer to know (rather than 'how it was'). What is 'the right thing to do'? Children 'push out the boundaries' Desire for open dialogue. The law is unrealistic … need for pragmatism. Need for identity cards and policing of licensing laws. 9
§ For one in five 12 -17 s alcohol is normal in their peer group. – 43% of 16/17 s drink regularly – But only 5% of 12/13 s CONSUMPTION LEVELS J. 5313 LR/lf 10
ALCOHOL PREVALENCE IN PEER GROUP All 12 -17 s 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 Dublin Rest Leins. Mun- Conn/ ster Ulster Don't know Not any Very few Some, below half Most have tried Most do regularly J. 5313 LR/lf 11
SERIOUSNESS OF DRINKING ALCOHOL FOR OWN AGE All 12 -17 s 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 Dublin Rest Mun. Leins. ster Conn/ Ulster Don't know Doesn't bother me Not so bad. Matter of personal choice Quite bad, people my age should avoid Very bad, people my age should avoid J. 5313 LR/lf 12
ALCOHOL EXPERIENCE X DEMOGRAPHICS EVER TRIED TASTED ONLY All 12 -17 s Boys Girls 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 ABC 1 C 2 DE F Dublin R. Leins Munster Conn/Ulster Urban Rural J. 5313 LR/lf 13
CLAIMED AGE FIRST DRUNK ALCOHOL (Base: All who have experienced alcohol (64%)) Average 13. 2 Median 13. 1 9 or under = 4% Age J. 5313 LR/lf 14
CLAIMED FREQUENCY OF DRINKING NOWADAYS (Base: ALL WITH EXPERIENCE OF ALCOHOL: 64%) Weekly Fortnightly Monthly Every 1 -2 months Every 3 months Less often Never Refused/not stated MONTHLY AVERAGE J. 5313 LR/lf 0. 93 (ie: just under once a month) 15
CLAIMED FREQUENCY OF DRINKING X DEMOGRAPHICS (Base: All 12 -17 s) AGE All 12 -17 s 12 -13 14 -15 REGION 16 -17 Dublin Rest Leins. Munster Conn/ Ulster Weekly Fort-nightly Monthly Every 1 -2 months Every 2 -3 months Less often Never Monthly or more Ever at all nowadays J. 5313 LR/lf 20 42 4 16 8 38 45 70 28 53 23 47 14 36 18 32 16
§ The extent to which young people claim to have parental consent for (some of) their drinking is striking. – 14% of all 12 and 13 year olds have drunk (at some stage) with parental consent (or a third of those who drink at this age). – 28% of all 14 and 15 year olds have drunk (at some stage) with parental consent (or 43% of those who drink at this age). PARENTAL CONSENT – 54% of all 16 and 17 year olds have drunk (at some stage) with parental consent (or 63% of those who drink at this age). § § J. 5313 LR/lf Widespread ambiguity denominator. Parents’ misgivings about other parents’ standards are very striking. A variety of verbatim quotations illustrate the extent and complexity of issues involved. … lowest common 17
“I went to a party with her and the mother asked me “can I check whether she’s allowed drink tonight or not? If I don’t ask, she’ll tell me she can”. Of course, I didn’t know what to say. She’s only 16 and it’s against the law. I let her stay at the party anyway, but I couldn’t stop thinking about it. ” (Middle Class, South Dublin, Mother) PARENTAL CONSENT "I rung the others' parents after he came home drunk and they said 'He wasn't in our house', 'Our sons weren't drinking', when I know he was drinking their (i. e. provided by other boys parents) alcohol. I was made to feel like the guilty one. ” (Mother of 16 -year-old boy, North Dublin) “I don’t think you should treat them as your friends, or as equals. They are children and if you can’t assert your authority you have no control over them. My rules are strict and they must be in at certain times, and that’s earlier than their friends. I feel if I am not strict – and it would be easier not to be – that I can’t reassure myself I am doing the right thing…there is too much relaxation of the standards set in the past”. (Working class mother of 4, North Dublin) J. 5313 LR/lf 18
§ 20% of 12 to 17 s have been drunk – Or 31% of the 12 to 17 s who have ever drunk alcohol. – More common for boys, in Dublin and Leinster, in urban areas. – 50% of drinking 16 & 17 year olds have been drunk. DRUNKENESS J. 5313 LR/lf § 10% of underage drinkers get drunk at least occasionally (or 6% of all 12 -17 s). 19
ACCESS TO ALCOHOL J. 5313 LR/lf 20
LIKELIHOOD OF DRINKING IN NEXT 2 MONTHS (Base: all 12 -17 s) AT ALL WITH PARENTAL CONSENT Very Likely Quite Likely Any Likelihood Total Sample 37 Girls 29 35 89 93 14 30 67 20 16 -17 63 Dublin 53 84 51 R. Leins 38 33 36 Munster J. 5313 LR/lf 74 31 15 14 -15 Conn/Ulster 81 30 39 Boys 12 -13 Very Likely Quite Likely Any Likelihood 34 24 Any consent/ Any at all % 28 15 75 92 82 63 21
EASE OF GETTING & KEY SOURCES OF ALCOHOL X NARROW AGE BANDS Quite easy to get alcohol Take alcohol from home 54 48 47 39 35 38 32 Off license Nightclub Pub J. 5313 LR/lf 10 9 4 2 2 13 6 6 15 14 9 19 15 32 38 36 Very easy to get alcohol 1 22
MOST LIKELY SOURCES OF ALCOHOL Avg No of mentions J. 5313 LR/lf 2. 41 2. 42 2. 36 1. 78 2. 30 3. 02 2. 30 2. 41 2. 63 23
§ Just 1 in 12 live in a home where neither parent drinks. – Most have 2 drinking parents. § § PARENTAL DRINKING J. 5313 LR/lf 58% live in a home where one/both parents drinks at home. Direct relationship between parents and children's consumption. – Clearly some may have 'sanction' however. 24
DRINKING AT HOME BY PARENTS All 12 -17 s SEX Boys Girls (202) (198) AGE 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 (123) (137) (140) REGION Dublin Rest Mun. Leins. ster (103) (105) (112) Conn/ Ulster (80) Father only Mother only Both Neither Refused J. 5313 LR/lf 25
DRINKING AT HOME BY PARENTS All 12 -17 s (400) CHILD'S DRINKING Monthly+ Less Never (80) Often (90) (222) Father only Mother only Both Neither Refused J. 5313 LR/lf 26
§ Many children are dishonest about alcohol drinking. – Often their parents were too. HONESTY J. 5313 LR/lf 27
YOUNG PEOPLE'S HONESTY WITH PARENTS (Base: All 12 -17 s) ABOUT WHETHER THEY DRINK ABOUT HOW MUCH THEY DRINK HONESTY INDEX 12 -13 34 Not generally very honest Not stated/DK J. 5313 LR/lf Honesty index 14 -15 -50 -72 16 -17 -43 -78 -38 -76 -46 -74 -43 -64 Conn/Uls -50 -66 -29 -70 33 50 Not generally at all honest -37 -59 Monthly + drinkers 21 -41 -68 Munster Generally quite honest 3 10 Girls R. Leins 6 -46 -72 Dublin Generally very honest Boys 38 2 -44 4 -70 Less frequent drinkers -56 -83 Non drinkers -44 -63 28
§ Adolescence more than ever 'an awkward age'. – Enter into 'limbo' quicker. – Boys retain sport for longer. § § PARENT/ CHILD RELATIONSHIP J. 5313 LR/lf Children hugely confident: more opportunity. Huge worries for parents – Bad company. – Dieting, anorexia, etc. – 'Crossing the line'. 29
“There is a local curfew now to stop trouble. If they’re caught once they get a warning, the second time they’re driven home and the third time they have to get their parents to pick them up from the Garda station. They think nothing of it, and have no shame at being driven home: in our day if a Garda looked at you, you’d run away”. (Middle class suburb, Rathfarnham, County Dublin) PARENT/ § Parents want open relationship. CHILD RELATIONSHIP § But it is much harder to police transgressions. J. 5313 LR/lf 30
§ § Parents behaviour was similar. Alcohol use (and deception) a cultural phenomenon. – Inherited, repeated. CULTURAL CONTEXT J. 5313 LR/lf § Kids think it is worse now however. 31
PREVALENCE OF UNDERAGE DRINKING VERSUS WHEN PARENTS WERE YOUNG All 12 -17 s 12 -13 AGE 14 -15 CHILD'S DRINKING 16 -17 Monthly + Less (20%) Often (23%) Don't Drink (56%) Much more common now A little more common now About the same A little less now Much less now Don't Know J. 5313 LR/lf 32
§ Parents want to 'be friends' with kids. – Transit from authoritative to permissive style. § RULE SETTING Common view: in home, controlled exposure is 'good'. – "Look at the French". § Variability: "Sweet 16 parties", Junior cup matches, family dinners, holidays. – Banning … ostrich principle. § J. 5313 LR/lf Independent stance … futile. 33
WHO HAS DISCUSSED ALCOHOL WITH YOU? (Base: All 12 -17 s) Mother Don't know Father Teachers Invited speakers to school (Doctors/ Gardaí) Older siblings Have not discussed Tried to discuss, not very clear Have talked directly to me J. 5313 LR/lf 34
PERCEIVED ATTITUDES OF PARENTS/TEACHERS TO UNDERAGE DRINKING TEACHERS PARENTS VERY OPPOSED Boys Girls Quite opposed Say they are opposed, not sure believe them Not very opposed Not at all opposed Don't know J. 5313 LR/lf 52 61 Boys Girls 58 64 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 72 62 38 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 76 69 39 ABC 1 C 2 DE F Very much opposed VERY OPPOSED 56 58 52 ABC 1 C 2 DE F 59 59 74 Dublin R. Leins Munster Conn/Uls 47 60 57 64 Dublin R. Leins Munster Conn/Uls 55 56 59 76 Urban Rural 57 56 Urban Rural 59 64 35
PARENTS VIEW OF UNDER 18 ALCOHOL DRINKING X NARROW PARENTS VIEW OF UNDER 18 ALCOHOL DRINKING AGE X NARROW AGE BANDS TOTAL 12 13 AGE 14 15 16 17 DRINK ALCOHOL Mon- Less Don't thly+ often drink I am not to drink alcohol under any circumstances before I am 18 I am occasionally allowed to have a drink at home with my parents permission I am allowed to have a drink in or out of home with my parents permission I don't know what my parents think about alcohol drinking J. 5313 LR/lf Don't Know/Not stated 36
§ Underage drinking not always deceitful: may be allowed. § Variability from family to family is undermining. § ATTITUDE CONTEXT Many regular underage drinkers feel they should be allowed: their parents are. § 40% of underage drinkers say parental drinking facilitates nicking alcohol (versus 19% for all 12 -17 s). § J. 5313 LR/lf Drinking underage boosts confidence. 37
§ 90% of fathers and half of mothers work (61% of 16 and 17 year olds' mothers). – Parents spoil their kids. § No relationship between maternal employment and underage drinking. AFFLUENCE § 43% of 16 & 17 year olds work part time. – Level of working highest among underage drinkers. J. 5313 LR/lf 38
PART TIME WORKING AND INCOME Current Job Normally work % Work in school Avg hrs week hols. (current/last % job) Avg Earning/wk (current/last job) € €/hour All 12 -17 s 21 34 18 94 5. 22 Boys Girls 20 22 33 34 21 15 103 85 4. 91 5. 67 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 2 17 41 4 28 65 15* 19* 18 56* 75* 104 3. 73* 3. 95* 5. 37 Dublin R. Leinster Munster Conn/Ulster 23 24 16 21 29 45 30 29 15 22 19 13 100 103 94 64 6. 67 4. 68 5. 05 4. 92 Urban Rural 20 22 31 37 17 19 98 89 5. 76 4. 68 Drink Monthly Drink Less Don’t Drink 51 24 9 70 47 16 19 19 15 114 90 66 6. 00 4. 74 4. 40 J. 5313 LR/lf *Small Base Sizes 39
RECEIPT OF POCKET MONEY All 12 -17 s Boys Girls 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 Drink Don't Monthly + Less Drink Often No Don't know Up to € 10 € 11 -20 Over € 20 Average (excl. none)€ 16. 30 Average (incl. none)€ 11. 90 J. 5313 LR/lf 16. 50 12. 38 16. 10 11. 43 12. 80 15. 50 10. 50 11. 47 21. 30 13. 63 23. 70 14. 00 18. 90 13. 40 14. 00 10. 50 40
WEEKLY INCOME & EXPENDITURE SUMMARIES* AVERAGE EARNINGS (including nothing) AVERAGE POCKET MONEY (including nothing) TOTAL AVERAGE INCOME (including nothing) TOTAL AVERAGE EXPENDITURE AVERAGE DRINK EXPENDITURE (including nothing) € € € All 12 -17 s 18. 80 11. 90 30. 70 26. 82 2. 61 Boys 16. 48 12. 38 28. 86 26. 46 3. 18 Girls 20. 40 11. 43 31. 83 27. 19 2. 02 12 -13 - 10. 50 13. 80 . 02 14 -15 10. 50 11. 47 21. 97 21. 26 . 77 16 -17 44. 72 13. 63 58. 35 43. 71 6. 68 Drink Monthly 51. 30 14. 00 65. 30 58. 06 11. 79 Drink Less 19. 80 14. 00 33. 80 25. 62 1. 10 Don't Drink 6. 60 10. 50 17. 10 16. 56 - *Dividing total of pocket money/earnings received by all in each cell (i. e. amount of money remains same, but is spread further) J. 5313 LR/lf 41
§ Kids watch TV on their own. – Most watch adult programmes. – Most watch satellite/niche programming. POPULAR CULTURE, MEDIA & ALCOHOL J. 5313 LR/lf § § Immersion in lives of celebrities. Alcohol central to popular culture. – Much more conscious of than advertising. 42
TV IN OWN ROOM OR NOT? AGE All 12 -17 s 12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 DRINKING Drink Don’t Drink Less drink Monthly often + IN ROOM Yes J. 5313 LR/lf 57 62 36 Dublin R. Leinster Munster Conn/Ulster No ABC 1 C 2 DE F 66 61 54 45 Urban Rural 61 50 43
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