UNCLOS 82 The United Nations Convention on the

UNCLOS 82 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Opened for signature on 10 December 1982 Entered into force on 16 November 1994 Presently (26. 9. 2008) ratified by 157 nations

UNCLOS - Aspects Governing all aspects of ocean space § delimitation, § environmental control, § marine scientific research, § economic and commercial activities, § transfer of technology , § settlement of disputes relating to ocean matters.

The General Balance Protecting the nations rights to sovereignty and exploitation of marine resources Regarding the oceans as a common heritage of mankind, as a whole and the freedom of passage

Historic Development § Practiced territorial limit 1 marine league. (About 5 km from low water mark - Artillery range) § 1876 -1878 Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act § 1920 Iceland other nations claim waters up to 12 nautical miles § Various national claims § 1958 Conference on Law of the Sea, Geneva. No agreement § 1982 UN conference Jamaica UNCLOS 82

Offshore Zones § § § Inland Waters Archipelagic Waters Territorial Waters Contiguous Zone Exclusive Economic Zone Continental Shelf

Offshore Zones

Baselines § Normal baselines w § Low water line defined datum Straight baselines w w § Enclose waters with strong interrelation with land Eliminate complex patterns at Sea Base points w § Monumented points on territory Comprehensive rules

Inland Archipelagic Waters § § Inside the baseline Integral part of territory Full sovereignty and internal laws International rights to free passage through archipelagic waters

Territorial Waters (TS) § § 12 nautical miles from baseline Part of the sovereign territory Foreign vessels right of innocent passage Law enforcement and administrative control as for inland waters

Contiguous Zone § 12 nautical miles beyond TS § Not part of territory but extended jurisdiction for purpose of: w w Fiscal Legislation w Immigration w § Customs Public Health Rights are exchanged for specified obligations

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) § Most radical concept of UNCLOS 82 § 200 Nautical miles from baseline § Right to natural resources and certain economic activities § Jurisdiction over marine science research and environmental protection § Rights are exchanged for specified obligations

Continental Shelf § Up to 350 nautical miles from baseline § Extension of 200 nautical miles EZZ based on geological and seabed conditions § Rights are exchanged for specified obligations § The claim will normally be a balance between costs and potential future benefits

Article 76 Water depth and sediment thickness Sediments Basement

Article 76 - extending the continental shelf Maximum Limits of the Continental Shelf from Heidar (2004)

1% line of sediment thickness Delineation Outer Limit of Continental Shelf （Points within 60 M） Principle 60 M FOS M 100 350 M 200 M 0 m 250 th oba Is Baseline Land

Data quality Multibeam ETOPO 5

Enclosed and Semi Enclosed Seas § States bordering enclosed or semienclosed seas are expected to cooperate in managing living resources, environmental and research policies and activities

Several levels of obligations § § § Projects to establish and get approved the offshore zones Institutions and data to fulfill obligations defined in UNCLOS 82 Institutions and data to take advantage of the rights defined by UNCLOS 82

Establishing Offshore Zones § Accurate Coastline determinations § Basepoint establishment § Seabed surveys § Establishment of geodetic reference § Tidal observation system § Communication and basic infrastructure for institutional building

Fulfilling the UNCLOS obligations § Offshore law enforcement w w Custom Control w § Traffic Control Policing illegal activity Provision for Safe conduct of maritime traffic w Definition of traffic lanes w Aids to safe navigation w Search and Rescue Service § Marine Pollution Control § Exploration and Exploitation Control

Taking advantage of UNCLOS § Hydrographic Charting and updating § Resource Mapping § Building a National Marine Information Repository § Management and sustainable exploitation of resources § Serving the nations with safe and efficient Sea Transport

Links: http: //www. un. org/Depts/los/

Potential resources § § § § Placer deposits Phosphorite deposits Evaporite deposits Polymetalic sulphides Manganese nodules and crusts Hydrocarbons Gas hydrate Biological resources Cost benefit analysis