Ubiquitous Networks — 3

Ubiquitous Networks - 3 - IPv 6 - Laboratory of Intelligent Networks (LINK)@KUT http: //icl. kut. ac. kr/ Youn-Hee Han 한국기술교육대학교

2 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 6 (Internet Protocol version 6) What is IPv 6? A next-generation version of IP (Internet Protocol), a basic Internet protocol, in which the number of IP addresses (numbers to identify terminals) is greatly increased. The current version of IP is version 4. 232 IP addresses (=approximately 4. 3 billion) Number corresponding to one bucket full of sand. The next-generation of IP is version 6 2128 IP addresses Number corresponding to a mass of sand covering the whole world. 665, 570, 793, 348, 866, 943, 898, 599 (or 6. 65 x 10 23) addresses for each square meter of the Earth's surface. 3 한국기술교육대학교

Who manage IPv 6 address? ICANN/IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) n 인터넷 할당 번호 관리기관 RIR (Regional Internet Registry) n n 대륙별 인터넷 레지스트리 APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) w 아시아· 태평양 지역 n RIPE-NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Co-ordination Centre) w 유럽 n ARIN (American Registry for Internet Number) w 북남미 외 기타 지역 국가별 NIC (Network Information Center) n n 4 한국은 KISA(한국인터넷진흥원) 안에 KRNIC(한국인터넷정보센터)에서 담당 https: //ip. kisa. or. kr/main. html 한국기술교육대학교

Recent Status of IPv 4 Address Space http: //www. potaroo. net/tools/ipv 4/index. html https: //ip. kisa. or. kr/main. html 2010. 03 2011. 03 5 한국기술교육대학교

Recent Status of IPv 4 Address Space 출처 - 2006년 u-인프라 통합 컨퍼런스 6 한국기술교육대학교

Recent Status of IPv 4 Address Space 7 한국기술교육대학교

Recent Status of IPv 4 Address Space (/32) 8 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 4 Issues (1/3) Demerits of Current Internet Addresses n n n Address Shortages Limits Internet growth for existing users Hinders use of the Internet for new users Internet routing today is inefficient Forces users to use NAT System Management Costs n n Managing addresses manually is costly and error-prone Networks Renumbering w Caused by address space shortage w When choosing a more competitive ISP n Mobile IPv 4 w Complicated to manage 9 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 4 Issues (2/3) Optional Security n IPv 4 was never designed to be secure w adapted for a public educational & research network n Many solutions for IPv 4 security have been defined w SSL, HTTPS, IPSECv 4 w No ONE standard n Security features are optional w CANNOT count on their availability Support for 21 st century applications n New applications are more demanding, they will require w Guaranteed on-time delivery w Guaranteed availability of bandwidth w Guaranteed security n Difficult to add the functions to the base IPv 4 technology w adding them is very high overhead 10 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 4 Issues (3/3) Overcoming Insufficiency of IPv 4 Address n PPP address sharing n CIDR (Classless Inter-domain Routing) w “망 주소/ 넷마스크 사이즈”로 라우팅 테이블 엔트리 표현 w E. g. ] 128. 156. 20. 0/22 호스트식별자가 0인 인터넷망 주소 n 11 NAT (Network Address Translation) 한국기술교육대학교

Use of NAT Is NAT Good Solution? 12 한국기술교육대학교

NAT example (1/2) Host Mapping [192. 168. 0. 10: TCP 1025] ↔ [131. 107. 47. 119: TCP 5000] 192. 168. 0. 10 NAT Internet Web server 131. 107. 47. 119 157. 60. 13. 9 Destination Address: 157. 60. 13. 9 Source Address: 192. 168. 0. 10 Source Address: 131. 107. 47. 119 Destination TCP Port: 80 Source TCP Port: 1025 Source TCP Port: 5000 13 한국기술교육대학교

NAT example (2/2) Host Mapping [192. 168. 0. 10: TCP 1025] ↔ [131. 107. 47. 119: TCP 5000] 192. 168. 0. 10 NAT Web server Internet 131. 107. 47. 119 157. 60. 13. 9 Destination Address: 192. 168. 0. 10 Destination Address: 131. 107. 47. 119 Source Address: 157. 60. 13. 9 Destination TCP Port: 1025 Destination TCP Port: 5000 Source TCP Port: 80 14 한국기술교육대학교

Is NAT Good Solution? IPSec packets n Address and port translation (NAT function) invalidates the packet’s integrity Peer-to-peer(P 2 P) Communication n NAT prohibits P 2 P communication, or makes it complicated Battery Problem at Mobile Devices n n 15 IPv 4 mobile devices are usually behind IPv 4 NATs Application that want to be reachable need to send periodic Keep-Alives to keep NAT state active Current NATs requires Keep-Alive from 40 sec. to 5 minutes It reduces battery life of mobile devices 한국기술교육대학교

Is NAT Good Solution? IPSec packets n Address and port translation (NAT function) invalidates the packet’s integrity Peer-to-peer(P 2 P) Communication n 16 NAT prohibits P 2 P communication, or makes it complicated 한국기술교육대학교

Is NAT Good Solution? 17 한국기술교육대학교

Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) What is CGN? Internet Global v 4 address Access Concentrator With NAT Access Concentrator FTTH ADSL Global v 4 address CPE With NAT Private v 4 address End Host Private IPv 4 address CPE With NAT Private v 4 address End Host Source: 72 th IETF (July 2008) 18 한국기술교육대학교

CGN’s Limitation CGN looks v 6 is not needed? n n No. CGN has serious restrictions. IPv 6 is needed ! Each customer can have only some “limited” numbers of sessions simultaneously. n n “port number” is just 2 bytes which means 64 K For example, if 2000 customer shares same Global IPv 4 address (please note that this is just for example), only 25 or 30 so sessions can be used by each customer at the worst case. Which means that: 19 한국기술교육대학교

CGN’s Limitation - Web 2. 0 and IPv 6 Max 30 Connections Max 15 Connections 20 Max 20 Connections Max 10 Connections Source: 72 th IETF (July 2008) 한국기술교육대학교

Web 2. 0 Application’s Operation “Ajax” web application concurrent sessions Browser UI: Ajax: time server-side server processing UI 21 HTML rendering engine browser XMLHttp. Request() Java. Script Engine HTML / CSS data Other data (e. g. images) XML data Java. Script Code – the Ajax Engine Desktop UI “session” management request html + css + xml data mgmt server-side systems web server data stores backend etc. 한국기술교육대학교

Web 2. 0 and IPv 6 Examples of # of concurrent sessions of web 2. 0 sites Webpage No operation Yahoo top page Google image search Nico Douga OCN　photo friend i. Tunes i. Google Rakuten Amazon HMV You. Tube # of sessions 5～ 10 10～ 20 30～ 60 50～ 80 170～ 200+ 230～ 270 80～ 100 50～ 60 90 100 90 Source: 72 th IETF (July 2008) n AJAX applications of Web 2. 0 break behind NAT w Too many connections exhaust public IP port space 22 한국기술교육대학교

What is IPv 6 Application? (1) The world of IPv 6 Data-compatible home appliances Mobile telephone Settlement Broadcasting Data car IPv６ Map information Vending machines Image Server DRINK Music 23 한국기술교육대학교

What is IPv 6 Application? (2) IPv 6: Keep unique identification Expand networking area from Server-client to peer-to-peer communication Server-client Communication Server Local net NAT Client Introduce IPv 6 Peer to Peer communication Local net Internet × Client NAT IPv 6 applied Server Local net 、 New Application emerges Vo. IP TV conference, chat, multiplayer game over Internet, etc. 24 Internet Local net Client Clinet 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 6 Devices (1) for example…. . The Sony IP digital camera & Camcorder IPv 6 digital camera system, IPv 6 TV system, Home gateway 파나소닉의 IPv 6 네트워크 카메라 모델 25 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 6 Devices (2) IPv 6 Microwave Oven IPv 6 Refrigerator 26 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 6 for the Ubiquitous Internet Connect Everything to the Internet n Simply (Plug & Play) and Safety Enjoy Internet Everywhere & Anytime Play, Learn, and Live on the Internet for Everyone n n n Peer to Peer (P 2 P) Global Reachability Home Information System We need One Internet n 27 Global Communications enhances business, trade, research 한국기술교육대학교

Next generation network (society) by IPv 6 “Everything over IP” ★Always on Internet ★Security (privacy) Pet PDA ★nearly infinite address (identification) ★1 to N, N to M (broadcast application） Animal Servers Contents distribution （Cinema, Music, etc. ） Mobile Computing PCs Track Network Computing IPv 6 Internet mobile phone （IMT-2000） Storages Remote operation, monitoring （ Freight management, Facility management, etc. ） Light Home Computing Information Appliance Home Network （Blue. Tooth, Zigbee） Air conditioner Car （ITS） 28 한국기술교육대학교

New Header Format n n 29 Minimize header overhead (streamline IPv 6 header) Note: IPv 6 header is not a superset of (not compatible with) IPv 4 header 한국기술교육대학교

New Header Format IPv 4 Header Format 20 Octets + options : 13 fields, including 3 flag bits Changed 0 bits Ver 4 8 IHL 16 Time to Live 24 Flags Protocol 31 Total Length Type of Service Identifier Removed Fragment Offset Header Checksum 32 bit Source Address 32 bit Destination Address Options and Padding 30 한국기술교육대학교

New Header Format IPv 4 Header Format n Internet Header Length (IHL) w Unit: 4 bytes, Min: 5 (5 4=20 bytes), Max: 15 (15 4=60 bytes) n Type of Service (To. S) w RFC 2474 provides a definition of this field in terms of DS (Different Service) n Total Length w Unit: 1 bytes, Min: 20 bytes, Max: 65, 535(=2^16) bytes n Identifier w If an IPv 4 packet is fragmented, all of the fragments retain the same Identification values, so the destination can group them for reassembly n Flags w 0, 3: Reserved w 1: Don’t fragment w 2: More fragment n Time to Live (TTL) w When TTL becomes 0, ICMPv 4 Error message is sent to the source 31 한국기술교육대학교

New Header Format IPv 6 Header Format 40 Octets, 8 fields 0 Changed 4 Version 12 Traffic Class 16 24 31 Flow Label Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit 128 bit Source Address 128 bit Destination Address 32 한국기술교육대학교

New Header Format IPv 6 Header Format n Traffic Class q n Flow Label q n q q Indicates either the type of the first extension header or the upperlayer protocol (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv 6). Hop Limit q 33 Indicates the length of IPv 6 payload unit: 1 byte, Max: 65, 535(=2^16) bytes For payload of which length greater than 65, 535 bytes, this field is set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in Hop-by-Hop option extension header Next Header q n Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of packets between a source and a destination Payload Length q n indicates IPv 6 packet’s class or priority The maximum number of links over which IPv 6 packet can travel 한국기술교육대학교

New Header Format IPv 6 Extension Header 34 한국기술교육대학교

Routing Header n Routing Header q 35 Used to specify a list of intermediate nodes for the packet to travel to the final destination 한국기술교육대학교

Fragment Header n Fragment Header q q q Used for IPv 6 fragmentation and reassembly services Only source node generate the fragment header If the packet’s size is greater than ‘Path MTU’, the fragment header is required Original IPv 6 Packet Unfragmentable part Fragment header Fragmentable part First fragment Unfragmentable part Fragment header Second fragment Unfragmentable part 36 Fragment header Third fragment 한국기술교육대학교

Features of IPv 6 n Internet Header Length (IHL) is removed q q n The number of fields q n Fragmentation information is contained in a Fragment extension header Header Checksum field is removed q 37 IPv 4: 12 IPv 6: 8 Seldom-used fields (e. g. , Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset) are removed q n IPv 6 Header is always a fixed length of 40 bytes The size of header IPv 4: minimum 20 bytes IPv 6: fixed 40 bytes Link-layer performs bit-level error detection 한국기술교육대학교

Features of IPv 6 Efficient and Hierarchical Addressing and Routing Infra. n n International and planned address allocation Backbone routers will have much smaller routing table entries Address Autoconfiguration n Stateless and Stateful address configuration Built-in Security n Support of IPSec is an IPv 6 protocol suite requirement Better Support for Qo. S n 38 New Qo. S fields in the IPv 6 header 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 6 주소 유형 IPv 6 주소의 유형 39 한국기술교육대학교

Why IPv 6? IPv 6의 장점 40 한국기술교육대학교

Why IPv 6 (Summary)? IPv 6 solves the address depletion problem IPv 6 solves the international address allocation problem IPv 6 restores end-to-end communication IPv 6 has more efficient forwarding IPv 6 has built-in security and mobility IPv 6 uses scoped addresses and address selection 41 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 6 & Google http: //www. google. com/intl/en/ipv 6/ [추천동영상] http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o 5 Rby. K 0 m 5 OY 42 한국기술교육대학교

IPv 6 Reference Homepage n n n IETF Homepage : www. ietf. org IPv 6 Forum : www. ipv 6 forum. com IPv 6 Korea Forum : www. ipv 6. or. kr IPv 6 RFC n n n 43 RFC 2460 RFC 2461 RFC 2462 RFC 2463 RFC 2464 RFC 2373 RFC 2374 RFC 2529 RFC 1886 RFC 2471 RFC 2472 : : : Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv 6) Specification Neighbor Discovery for IPv 6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv 6) for the IPv 6 Specification Transmission of IPv 6 Packet over Ethernet Networks IPv 6 Addressing Architecture An IPv 6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format Transmission of IPv 6 over IPv 4 Domains without Explicit Tunnels DNS Extensions to support IPv 6 Testing Address Allocation IPv 6 over PPP 한국기술교육대학교

추천 사이트 및 동영상 http: //www. vsix. net/ n 한국 인터넷 진흥원 IPv 6 포털 http: //www. v 6 pc. jp/en/index. phtml n 일본에서 만든 IPv 6 홍보 사이트 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 wa 7 y 3 W 2 DI 0&feature=related n IPv 6 Tutorial http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o 5 Rby. K 0 m 5 OY n 44 Google IPv 6 Conference (Jan. 2008) 한국기술교육대학교

Ubiquitous Networks — 3 — IPv 6 —