U S INDUSTRIALISM Chap 9 How did

U. S. INDUSTRIALISM Chap 9

How did the US industrialize? • Plenty of raw materials needed for industry: water, wood, coal, iron, copper • Large workforce: population tripled between 1860 -1910 • Technology and Innovation: new inventions and new ways of doing business

Essential Question & Standards • EQ: What factors enabled the industry of the United States to flourish in the late 1800’s? Content Standard 1: The student will analyze the transformation of the United States through its civil rights struggles, immigrant experiences, settlement of the American West, and the industrialization of American society in the Post-Reconstruction through the Progressive Eras, 1865 to 1900. 3. Evaluate the impact of industrialization on the transformation of American society, economy, and politics. A. Analyze the impact of leading industrialists as “robber barons” and as “philanthropists” including John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie and his Gospel of Wealth essay on American society. B. Identify the impact of new inventions and industrial production methods including new technologies by Thomas Edison, Alexander G. Bell, and the Bessemer process. C. Evaluate the contributions of muckrakers including Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair that changed government policies regarding child labor, working conditions, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. D. Analyze major social reform movements including the Women’s Suffrage and Temperance Movement and their significant leaders including Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Jane Addams. E. Evaluate the significance of the Labor Movement on the organization of workers including the impact of the Pullman strikes, the Haymarket Riot, and the leadership of Eugene V. Debs.

What is FREE ENTERPRISE? • An economic system that functions without gov’t interference (laissez-faire) • SUPPLY AND DEMAND determine wages and prices • This system encouraged foreign investment in the US.

What did the gov’t do to help the US industrialize? • Kept taxes low which encouraged investment • Little gov’t regulation of industry • Gave land grants to spur RR growth

What was the impact of new inventions? • • • Bell’s telephone revolutionized communication Edison’s lightbulb transformed whole cities and industries Swift’s refrigerated railcar meant fresh food all over the country Mechanization increased production Mass production brought cheaper prices

What linked the nation together?

Transcontinental Railroad • 1862—Pacific Railway Act—provided for a nation-wide railroad • Spurs were built to connect the lines to create a national network • Time in the US was standardized when railroads adopted time zones. • Railroads helped homogenize our country

What does that mean? How did RR’s homogenize American culture?

Who were the “Robber Barons”? • These were entrepreneurs (businessmen, investors) who made their fortunes in industry. • They used bribery, insider-trading, cheating, and ruthlessness to make those fortunes. • Andrew Carnegie - Steel • JD Rockefeller - Oil • Cornelius Vanderbilt - Railroads • JP Morgan – Banking/Investment

Vertical vs Horizontal Integration • Owned all businesses that contributed to the making of a product. • Andrew Carnegie’s Carnegie Steel owned: • Steel Mills • Coal Mines • Iron Mines • Railroad Cars • Owned all the businesses that produced the same product in the industry. • JD Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company owned the majority of oil refineries in the nation

Credit Mobilier Scandal • What was it? • Who was involved? • It was a RR construction company formed by Union Pacific owners that contracted themselves to build the new RR at highly inflated prices. • It gave or sold stock at cheap prices to politicians to influence legislation. • Showed the corruption and power of the Robber Barons. • Many politicians in Washington including Speaker of the House Blaine and future president Garfield

What was factory work like in the late 1800’s? • Repetitive, boring • Unhealthy fumes and dust • Dangerous—few safety regulations and no insurance or workers’ compensation • Made less than a quarter an hour and worked about 60 hours a week!!

Why were unions formed? • There is power in numbers--collective bargaining for better conditions and higher wages.

How did companies prevent unions from forming? • Required workers to sign an oath that they would not join a union • Kept blacklists of troublemakers who would not be hired • Used lockouts to keep out union employees and not pay them.

Labor’s Response: the STRIKE

Great Railroad Strike

1877 • US in recession; suffering from deflation • Wages cut again and again. • RR workers across the country went on strike. • Militia called in to crush the strikes. • Result: 100 dead and millions of dollars of damage. No gains for workers.

Knights of Labor • Were the first nation-wide industrial union • Wanted an 8 -hr day; equal pay for women, and an end to child labor (what was the real motivation to end child labor? ) They used boycotts, strikes, and arbitration to improve conditions. (What is arbitration? What is a boycott? )

What was the Haymarket Riot?

May, 1886 • A rally was held at the Haymarket Square in Chicago to protest police brutality at the nearby Mc. Cormick strike. • 1500 people gathered to support the strikers; radical speakers addressed the crowd. • As police tried to disperse the crowd, a bomb was thrown.

Then what…. ? • Police fired blindly into the crowd in panic. Some reports say the police fired their revolvers a full 2 minutes. • 7 policemen and 4 civilians were killed; 100 were injured. The deaths were most likely from police fire. • The Knights of Labor, and specifically, anarchists were blamed for the riot.

And then…. ? • Arrests were made, men were convicted, and most were hanged. • There are many doubts as to the guilt of the accused. The hysteria of the time probably led to innocent men being executed. • It was a huge setback for labor. • The Knights of Labor never recovered.

Pullman Strike • 1893 Rail workers strike. • Pres. Cleveland forced to send in troops. • US postal cars are attached to the Pullman cars. • Court ruled that strike was illegal; workers were interfering with the US mail.

Who are the AFL and how did they help unions become more accepted in the US? • Led by Samuel Gompers who urged union members to stay out of politics. (Earlier unions were tainted by their association with communism and anarchism) • Pushed for closed shops • Try to negotiate before striking • Made reasonable demands such as an 8 -hr day.