U S Imperialism Era 1898 -1920 Spanish-American War

U. S. Imperialism Era 1898 -1920 *Spanish-American War, 1898 *American Expansionism Power Point created by Robert L. Martinez Primary Content Sources: The Americans (Mc. Dougal Little) & Mastering The Grade 11 Taks Social Studies Assessment (Killoran, Zimmer, Jarrett).

Spanish-American War, 1898 "Cuban volunteers in their barracks. Many of these were cigar makers at Tampa. "The "Army of the Cuban Republic" was made up from 40 Cubans from Jacksonville, 200 from New York, and 150 from Key West. They set sail on the Florida to join the rebels on May 21 st. http: //www. floridamemory. com/Online. Classroom/Photo. Album/n 041306. cfm

The Spanish-American War marked a major turning point in U. S. foreign relations. At the conflicts conclusion, America would emerge as a world empire. American troops in Havana, Cuba. http: //www. solpass. org/7 ss/Images/war. gif http: //www. floridamemory. com/Online. Classroom/Photo. Album/pr 10233. cfm

In 1895, Cuban workers rebelled against Spain, seeking their independence. A Spanish army was sent to Cuba to crush the rebellion with brutal force. Several factors led to U. S. intervention in the conflict. Spanish Frigate “Vizcaya” http: //www. hazegray. org/features/santiago/vizc 06. jpg http: //www. zpub. com/cpp/caw 5. jpg

SPANISH TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH SAN JUAN, THE CAPITAL OF PUERTO RICO (a Spanish possession. ) http: //www. antiquemapsandprints. com/p-0145. jpg

Many Americans felt they had a moral obligation to help the Cuban people in their struggle for independence from Spain. America’s Founding Fathers signing the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain.

Reasons for War: Cuban Independence, U. S. military and economic interests in Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, and the sinking of the U. S. S. Maine. http: //americanhistory. si. edu/archives/images/d 5300 hh 4. jpg

Publishers like William Heart and Joseph Pulitzer sensationalized news events to sell newspapers. Their newspapers deliberately distorted the news from Cuba with exaggerated stories of atrocities. William Randolph Hearst http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Journal 98. gif

Illustrations such as the on the right was printed to elicit anger from American readers. Front Page “Hearst” newspaper illustration: “Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels. ” http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Yellow_journalism

De Lome Letter The Spanish ambassador called President Mc. Kinley “weak” in a private letter that was published in the press. De Lome’s letter angered Americans against Spain. President Mc. Kinley De Lome http: //www. williammckinley. net/ http: //www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? flash=true&doc=53

The American government sought to protect American investments (example: sugar & rum) in Cuba and to block any interruption of U. S. trade with Cuban Sugar Industry http: //www. latinamericanstudies. org/cuba 1850 -7. gif

“Remember the Maine” January 25, 1898 -- The U. S. S. Maine enters Havana harbor, about three weeks later it mysteriously explodes. http: //www. smplanet. com/imperialism/remember. html

The battleship U. S. S Maine was mysteriously blown up in Havana in February, 1898. The press blamed the explosion on Spanish sabotage, enraging American public opinion. http: //memory. loc. gov/ammem/today/apr 25. html http: //www. floridamemory. com/Online. Classroom/Photo. Album/n 045404. cfm

In 1898, President William Mc. Kinley, finding it difficult to resist the public outcry after the destruction of the U. S. S Maine, asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain. On April 20 th, the United States declares war. President Mc. Kinley http: //www. pbs. org/crucible/tl 12. html http: //www. whitehouse. gov/history/presidents/wm 25. html

In the Caribbean, hostilities began with a naval blockade of Cuba. The Spanish fleet is effectively sealed up in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. http: //www. history. navy. mil/photos/images/n 120000/n 191610 t. jpg

The Spanish fleet tries to escape the American blockade at Santiago harbor. A naval battle ensues, and the Spanish fleet is destroyed. http: //www. homeofheroes. com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/images/12_battle 2. jpg

Attempted Escape of Spanish Fleet http: //www. homeofheroes. com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/12_santiago. html

In June 1898, American forces landed in Cuba. American forces begin to converge on the port city of Santiago. The army consisted of 17, 000 soldiers, including four African-American regiments (called Buffalo soldiers) of regular army and the volunteer Rough Riders, a cavalry unit. The key to capturing the city of Santiago was controlling the high grounds of San Juan Hill. http: //www. veteranmuseum. org/images/cuba-landing. jpg

On the way to secure San Juan Hill, a bloody and dramatic charge took place on nearby Kettle Hill. Without direct orders, Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Riders, and two African-American regiments attacked and took Kettle Hill. http: //www. army. mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/Rrid 1. jpg

The battle of San Juan Hill is the bloodiest and most popular of all battles during the Spanish-American war. http: //www. latinamericanstudies. org/1898/sanjuan 1. gif

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rough_Riders http: //www. floridamemory. com/Online. Classroom/Photo. Album/pr 10253. cfm

“Speak softly and carry a big stick. You will go far. ” - Teddy Roosevelt http: //www. teddyroosevelt. com/teddy_roosevelt_pictures. htm

Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders conducting regimental drills in San Antonio, Texas, prior to fighting the Spanish in Cuba. http: //www. bartleby. com/51/13. gif

Rough Riders in San Antonio http: //www. frfrogspad. com/m 1895 mg. jpg

Rough Rider Reunion 1902, San Antonio, Texas At the 1902 reunion in San Antonio, the Rough Rider veterans agreed to purchase an artificial leg for Private Charles Buckholdt, who had lost his leg in a fight. http: //www. sharlot. org/exhibits/1898/images/resampled/reunionsanantoniomil 238 pe%20. JPG

Rough Riders charging up San Juan Hill http: //www. teddyroosevelt. com/ http: //www. army. mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/RRIDS. JPG

American forces quickly overcame the Spanish navy in the Philippines and defeated Spanish troops in Cuba. Skirmish lines in Cuba http: //www-sul. stanford. edu/depts/dp/pennies/SPANISH. JPG http: //www. history. navy. mil/photos/images/h 01000/h 01256. jpg http: //www. floridamemory. com/Online. Classroom/Photo. Album/pr 10237. cfm

As a result of the war, the United States acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Puerto Rico in the Caribbean http: //www. infoplease. com/atlas/state/puertorico. html Guam in the Pacific http: //www. map-zone. net/map/guam/ Philippines in the Pacific http: //www. middleeastnews. com/Mapof. Philippines. html

Consequences of San Juan Hill • The victory of San Juan Hill boasts morale and pride of the American people. • Spain loses control of its possessions in the Caribbean. • Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders emerge as national heroes. • San Juan Hill catapults Roosevelt’s political career.

Political Cartoon: American Imperialism The cartoon displays Uncle Sam showing off in front of other world powers, while balancing the “primitives” of its newly acquired territories. . . Notice the racial tone and arrogance of the political cartoon. http: //history. grand-forks. k 12. nd. us/NDhistory/Lesson. Images/Sources/Cartoons/john%20 bull. jpg

The U. S. insisted that Cuba add to its new Constitution, the Platt Amendment, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving U. S. the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.

Guantánamo Bay Naval Base at the southeastern end of Cuba has been used by the United States Navy for more than a century, and is the oldest overseas U. S. Navy Base and the only one in a country with which the United States does not have diplomatic relations. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base

After the brief war, the United States emerges from the war in possession of an overseas empire. Presidential Campaign Poster for Mckinley-Roosevelt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: 10 k. Miles. JPG

National Hero After the war with Spain, Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of New York and then later won the vice-presidency. http: //www. politicalbadges. com/1896%20 Theodore%20 Roosevelt%20(for%20 Governor%20 stud). jpg http: //www. vccs. edu/vwhansd/HIS 122/Teddy/Images/trgov. jpg

American Expansionism & the Panama Canal

Imperialism Defined as the domination of one country by another. European imperialists had seized vast territories in Africa and Asia. Many Americans felt that the moment was now right for U. S. imperialism. With the closing of the American frontier, the nation continued its expansion overseas. http: //asms. k 12. ar. us/classes/humanities/worldstud/97 -98/imper/Philippines/USA. HTM

Some advocates argued that since the United States was now an industrial power, colonies could provide needed raw materials for American factories and a guaranteed market of U. S. manufacturers. http: //www. jackdaw. com/pc-282 -65 -american-imperialism. aspx

Others saw colonial expansion as a way of showing that the United States was a great nation, arguing the country should grab a few colonies before nothing was left. Inspired by Manifest Destiny. http: //en. dcdatabaseproject. com/Image: Uncle_Sam_BNW_1. jpg

In particular, these voices favored American control of the Caribbean, building a canal through Panama, and the acquisition of islands in the Pacific as coaling stations for ships trading with Asia. http: //www. canalmuseum. com/

Opponents felt that imperialism violated America’s democratic principles. They reminded citizens that America was also once a colony and had fought a war with Great Britain to break the chains of imperialism. http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware. png

During these Imperialist years, the United States acquired a colonial empire in the Pacific consisting of the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, and Midway. http: //www. historywiz. com/laimp-mm. htm

Formerly part of the Spanish empire, the Philippines came under U. S. rule after the Spanish-American War. Filipino rebels had expected independence and fought against U. S. control until they were defeated in 1902. Filipino Rebels http: //asms. k 12. ar. us/classes/humanities/worldstud/97 -98/imper/Philippines/USA. HTM http: //people. bu. edu/juliango/publications_files/Go. Fostercover%2520 copy. jfif

In the mid-19 th century, American settlers built sugar and pineapple plantations on Hawaii. These settlers overthrew the Hawaiian queen in 1893. After the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Congress voted in favor of the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. http: //harwich. edu/depts/history/pp/imperialism/sld 006. htm

The U. S. announced the Open Door Policy, favoring equal trading rights for all foreign nations in China. In 1900, the Box Rebellion threatened foreigners in China. An international army, with U. S. participation, crushed the rebellion, but Americans opposed any attempt by other nations to use the rebellion to dismember China. Boxer Rebel http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Boxer 1900. jpg

Gunship Diplomacy In 1853, the United States had forced open an isolationist Japan to Western trade and influence when Commodore Matthew Perry landed there with American navy. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Perry. Fleet. jpg

Panama Canal Military importance: Naval strategists believed that the United States needed a large navy and a canal through Central America to establish itself as a world sea power. http: //www. history. navy. mil/photos/images/h 73000/h 73411. jpg

President Roosevelt took steps to build a canal that would allow ships to cross between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without circling South America. The Isthmus of Panama, the narrowest point in Central America, was a natural place to build the canal, but posed may challenges. http: //harwich. edu/depts/history/pp/imperialism/sld 049. htm

Natures Challenges and the Panama Canal • Tropical climate • Disease-carrying mosquitoes • Mountains http: //www. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/library/historical/medical_history/yellow_fever/assets/panama. jpg

When Panamanian rebels declared their independence from Columbia in 1903, Roosevelt sent U. S. warships to protect them. http: //www. panamacanalcountry. com/images/US%20 stamp%20 of%20 Ancon%20 crossing%20 Canal. jpg

In return for U. S. protection, the new government of Panama gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone, a ten-mile wide strip of land through the center of Panama. http: //www. smplanet. com/imperialism/joining. html

• Construction of the canal began in 1904. • To prevent malaria and yellow fever, the U. S. Army cleaned up swamps where infected mosquitoes had bred. http: //yellowfever. lib. virginia. edu/reed/images/03 -NC. jpg http: //www. tea. state. tx. us/student. assessment/resources/online/2006/grade 11/ss/images/8 graphicaa. gif

They built a series of locks that raised shops to an artificial lake, across the central highland, and then lowered them back to sea level on the other side. http: //z. about. com/d/cruises/1/0/r/w/1/panama_canal 021. jpg

It took the Army Corps of Engineers ten years to build the enormous locks and to remove millions of tons of earth to complete the canal. http: //www. smplanet. com/imperialism/joining. html

In the early 20 th century, the U. S. government extended the Monroe Doctrine through the Roosevelt Corollary. http: //www. mexicolore. co. uk/uploadimages/169_02_2. jpg

In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt declared that the U. S. would act as an “international police power” in Latin America. Rather than let European nations intervene to collect their debts, the U. S. would act for them. http: //history. ucsc. edu/history 25 b/4 -24 slides_files/slide 0010_image 058. jpg

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify sending troops into Haiti, Nicaragua, Honduras and the Dominican Republic. In this way, the United States protected its interests in the Panama Canal. Later, President Wilson intervened in both the Caribbean region and Mexico. www. csub. edu/~gsantos/jpgs/img 0099. jpg