Types of Grammatical Transformations 1 Transpositions 2 Replacements

Types of Grammatical Transformations 1. Transpositions. 2. Replacements. 3. Additions. 4. Omissions.

All the four types of transformations can be used simultaneously and are accompanied by lexical transformations as well. As they leave Washington, the four foreign ministers will be traveling together by plane. Всі чотири міністри закордонних справ полетять з Вашингтона разом.

Transpositions Transposition is a change in the order of linguistic elements: words, phrases, clauses and sentences. n Their order in the TL text may not correspond to that in the SL text. n This change of order is necessary to preserve fully the content of the utterance while observing the norms of the TL n

Transpositions are made due to: differences in the respective place of the two main parts of the sentence from the point of view of communication, viz. the known (theme) and new (rheme) elements in English and in Ukrainian sentences Strikes broke out in many British industries n differences in the arrangement of clauses: within a complex sentence the arrangement of clauses in English is often governed by syntactical hierarchy, whereas in Ukrainian precedence is taken by logical considerations He started back and fell against the railings, trembling as he looked up n

Replacements There are two main types of replacements: n Substitution of parts of speech an early bedder - людина, яка рано лягає спати n Replacements of sentence types I saw him cross the street and buy a newspaper. - Я бачив, як він перейшов вулицю і купив газету.

Substitution of parts of speech to cutvote somebody The Times wrote editorially A professor of Essex University was critical of the Government social security policy. The door at the end of the corridor sighed open and sighed shut again. He took the bell-rope in his hand gave it a brisk tug. Chilean copper Chilean atrocities More letter bombs have been rendered harmless. His audience last night may also have been less than enthusiastic about the Prime Minister’s attitude towards Government spending. Election year opens on in America which is more divided and bitter than at any time in recent history. The White House correspondents have largely been beaten into submission by the President.

Replacements of sentence types The usual types of replacements are: n the substitution of a simple sentence by a complex one and vice versa; n the substitution of the principal clause by a subordinate one and vice versa; n the replacement of subordination by coordination and vice versa; n the replacement of asyndeton by polysyndeton and vice versa.

Replacements of sentence types Simple sentences containing infinitive complexes are usually translated by complex sentences: Marsel Daussault, the airplane manufacturer who is said to be the richest man in France had defrauded the government of $ 300 million in taxes n A simple sentence with an absolute participle or a nominative absolute construction is usually rendered by a subordinate or coordinate complex sentence With the fog rolling away and the sun shining out of a sky of icy blue the travellers started on the leg of their climb. n The type of the subordinate clause may be changed on the strength of usage She glanced at Brendon, where he sat on a chair across her n A complex sentence may by replaced by a simple one He could not say anything unless he was prompted. n

A complex sentence can also be replaced by two, or more simple sentences. It is especially practiced in the translation of the so-called “leads”. A lead is the first sentence of news-in-brief which contains the main point of the information. It usually coincides with the first paragraph and is usually divided into two or more sentences in translation, e. g. : Thousands of Algerians tonight fled from the “dead city” of Orleanswille after a twelve-second earthquake had ripped through central Algeria, killing an estimated 1, 100 people.

Additions often accompany transpositions and replacements. This is particularly true in the translation of infinitive, participle and gerundial complexes. n Additions are frequantly caused by compressed structures such as the absolute possessive, attributes formed by juxtaposition N 1 + N 2 structures and by attributive groups n

The cases when additions are necessary The model N 1 + N 2 : riot police - спеціальні загони поліції для стримування вуличних заворушень; death vehicle - автомобіль, який вбив перехожого, bare beaches - пляжі, де можна купатися без костюмів. n Sometimes additions are required by pragmatic considerations: pay claim - вимога підвищити заробітну платню, welfare cuts – урізування бюджетних асигнувань на соціальні потреби; herring ban – заборона ловити оселедця у Північному морі. n Attributive groups: oil thirsty Europe - Європа, що зазнає нестачу нафти; Jobs-for-youth Club - клуб, що має за мету забезпечення молоді роботою. Three Nicosia Greek language newspapers A million pound forged bank draft fraud n

Causes of additions discrepancy in the use of the plural and singular forms of certain nouns Delegates from various industries n lexical reasons Mr. Ames complained his way out of bed … and went to the door n English word building We showered and dressed He is a chancer n

Omissions Some lexical or structural elements of the English sentence may be regarded as redundant from the point of view of translation as they are not consonant with the norms and usage of the Ukrainian language, e. g. : For the fishermen of Rebun, the notion that young outsiders may choose to adopt their way of life is both fascinating and perplexing Рибалкам острова Ребун здається дивним і непевним, що приїжджа молодь може віддати перевагу їхньому способу життя.

Typical cases of redundancy Homogeneous synonymous pairs: Equality of treatment in trade and commerce – n Use of weights and measures with emphatic intent: Every inch of his face expressed amazement – He extracted every ounce of emotion from Rachmaninov's Third Concerto n Subordinate clauses of time and place: The storm was terrific while it lasted n Attributive clauses (rarely): And yet the migrants still pour in from the depressed Northeast of Brazil, many of them walking the 1. 000 miles or more in search of a better life than the one they left n