Turkish Internet: a look back for Governance and Developmental Informatics Mustafa Akgül Bilkent University INETD- Internet Techologies Association
Summary • • Who am I? Research Networks before Internet Early Years Organizational structures Governence attemps Tiny developemental Informatics. . Censorship, filter etc Sept 2012 2
Who am I ? • • • BS civil engineering METU 1970 MS Math/OR METU '74 Ph. D Cominatorial Optimization 1981 1982 -87 May: U Delaware - NCSU 1987 - Bilkent – Industrial E Information Systems
What I do ? • • Inet-tr, internet conference 95 Academic Informatics 99 Internet Fiesta '98 Public Networks '98 (once) Open Systems, Linux Fiesta, informatics, Internet Council, Nation. Info Council(şura) INETD, LKD, TBD, executive
TR Pre Internet • • 1986 TUVAKA: connection to EU - bitnet DOST-Directory of Scientist of Turkey (list) TUVAKA reached 30 nodes Ftp-by-mail, news, trickle, file-server Overwhelmed by 89 Tr-net started '91, ripe, network @ ank, ist 12/04/93 birthday-64 K/19. 2 K
Years '93 -'95 • • Informatics'93: first exposure Universities slowly: TCP/NJE, boun One modem/one account: connected to int Statistics Congress: seminer, booklet '94 econ/crisis; no procument Full day activity at Tubitak Servis. net. tr: ank/ist, X. 25 Books in turkish: Çağıltay, Akgül
'94 -'95: Making of Turnet • • Tr-net → TT : let us extend internet to TR Backbone: a triangle: 1 M-0. 5 M=1 M A company → TUBITAK: a deal TRNET Inc. , tiny ISP, news/article portals TUBITAK-METU separated: TT : to build Turnet - NO from gov. tr Revenue sharing action: build & operate TT has mono. , has rev. on satellite, cable. TV
'95 -96: inet-tr • • • Inet is grow. In uni and IT sector, media ISP explosion: superonline, Turk. net, . . . Universities in disarray – fighting Near call: shutting down internet Call for internet conference: may'95 --> Nov Turnet: 77% TT, blocked boun/bilk--> 128 k j. Venture: Global one, Satko, metu → out Turnet (half) alive: sep '96, isp escort closed tuvaka closed, ulakbim national akademic c.
Excursion: Governance - dev info • • • Informatics 93, 94, 95 : concensus building Inet-tr'95: national level attemp, (Linux!) 96 Campaigns: “do not kill inet”, Virtual protest meeting Http: //web. inet-tr. org. tr/Kamp Long distance calls: 700, 800 '97 IXP – satellite perm ↔ sharing with TT States goal for Turnet: income projected Internet (Adv) Board idea. . .
'97 -'98 • • • ISP -STK meeting: IC proposel, DNS adm Foreign ministry: main Turkey site Government changed: Ministerial science council first discussed inet icafe for sme (telec), e-commerce board -etkk Inet-tr'97: Internet (Adv) Bord = High Council Inet-tr'97: a session on e-gov, plan for TTNe. T IC started, Report, Internet Fiesta Public net conference (pre e-gov): Kamu. Net
Excursion - II • • ETKK: worked on legal aspects for e-commerce SME adm: telecenters on large ind. cities IC governance attemp: 3 pillars: gov, com org/edu Ministers changed a lot; ministry was not ready Fiesta: after netday, internet day (fr), fiesta (eu) 2 weeks : aweraness, Uni/chambers. . , sme, gov Kamunet: a consensus by public IT Kamunet Adm Comm (under secretary), Technical. .
'99 -'00 • • Kamunet blocked; crony. . . E-europa is on table; TR eu candidate Lisbon treaty: e-europe '00 -'02 E-turkey concept, working groups State IT council working groups started National Infor Master Plan (Tuena) finished Telecom Regulation Aut. established End of TT monopoly at 2004 announced
Excursion: III/'01 -'02 • • • TUENA: 96 -99, gov-com-org joint work Projected future: few policy rec. Report placed in shelfs State dev plan: info/telecom reports E-turkey, state IT council (şura), consensus attempt, gov-com-org Little budget, little organization (for gov) Plans for organization (prime min. under sec) Big commercials, inet growing Joined e-europa+ ('01)
Excursion: IV – “press law” • • • Inet is becoming alternative media “inet is subject to press law” proposal Radio. TV Adm monitor any pub/broadcasting Vetoed by president, passed again Spanned 2 years figting with the law In '03 “National Media Council” “press law” article removed later Council conclusions are not implemented “
'03 -'04 • • • End of '02: AKP in power: e-transformation Feb '03: Information Society Office: 5 person Short Term. Action Plan: may → dec E-transformation executive comm: min. 5 ngo, gov A bit transparency, frequent meetings Auction for: Nat. Strategy and Action Plan BTK(Telecom Reg. ) start working for free market Huge demand for Tellco , but BTK was for TT In 2000 TT head → BTK Head
'04 -'06 • • • XDSL was in TTNet – 3800 ports-00 -01 TT researched, planned … but could not install dsl E-europa+ targets was lagging; school = '03 Xdsl started in'04, K 12 started in '04 IT council asked for Informatics com in parliment National strategy action plan: gov + exec com Published 06 for 06 -10 New one is in make? New auction in place TT privatized
Excursion V: strategy action plan • • • It was mainly e-gov or consumption oriented Not e-transformation, e-turkey or production or One pillar was: social transformation KIEM=telecenters, (gov + TT+ city gov ) KIEM (IT training + access to inet ) “clean inet” NO: feedback, dissemination, public rel Nothing serious on human resources little on open source: migration@ 1 institution Almost nobody knows it, 50% success!
'07 -!12 • • • “internet media law=5156” Cable. TV (was semi private) → nationalized 3 G started ISP/Telco's started fiber to home User selected filter introduced IC restructured twice E-commerce law/spam prev Is in progress Strategy/Action plan will replaced Plans for: hadopi, social media halt
Censorship - I • • • 5156 regulate internet publication 9 catalog crimes, including Ataturk Law Pretext: protection of children Task to “Clean internet” TR → courts; else → BTK bureaucracy Mainly: indecent, porno, Ataturk, gambling, prost 1 st year: report, a bit transparency Engelliweb. com: 20500+ sites blocked IP, DNS blocking or both
Censorship - II • • • Samples: alibaba. com (digger) Vimeo. com, myspace. com Google. com (not iplemented) Youtube, almost all google Blogger, wordpress, richarddawkins. net Political, ataist, anarchist, tarikdursun(anti islam) Civil coursts, penal courts diff. , beyand 5651 Opening of youtube: misleading public, ad hoc sol Regulation remained as is
Filtering Saga • • • Propod secondary regulation for filter – no NGO Standart, family, child, local Huge protest major cities: 150 K istanbul They softened: child, family remained Reaction weakened 11 person committee to define criteria Black and white lists determined by BTK Lists (its size also) is secret, You can check a web if it is list, but only 10
İnternet Council • • • Hoped to solve problems (high council) Advisary board of all stake holders Internet Fiesta, reports, teenage search, decleration Worked with 7 ministers: 3 parties, 2 non-partisan Enlargement; after AKP anew structure proposed AKP relectant to deal, later dissolved itself After 5651 established with “good boys”, cutoff. . Silently, changed to 7 member “committee for development of internet
I-town • • TBD – Turkish Informatics Association -SME Ad Denizli Yatagan (knife, sword) Idea: intro to business, good manufacturing Teach it skills, e-commerce, Nearbay town yeşilyuva (shoe maker) A metallurgical eng. , and oven, IT teacher, web 2004 human development report (turkey) Http: //akgul. bilkent. edu. tr/hdr/nhdr_turkey 2004. pd f
IT Related Law Making • • Penal Code '91, 95: “hacking” , adopted france ETKK, inet-tr, informatics, state info council, IC Cybercrime convention: participated, did not sign 2004 penal code: most of cybercrime conv include Penal procedure law passed very fast “info systems and network services” law draft Child porn manipulated, → passwd 5651 “to be world leader to clean internet”
Lifting of youtube ban • • • Youtube banned several times, mostly Atatürk rel. Gov wanted youtube have an office, respect, tax For tax they were in court, no clause ban for tax Misled President: “ban due to tax problems” Solution: IC → I have rights of Atatürk video, DE Firm in DE: I am taking this off; youtube OK Video off, ban lifted by public prosecuter Then youtube: you do not have rights, put it back So regulation is intact ; probably google/TR agree.
State of Turkish Internet • • Usage: 47% Male: 58 W: 37 , heavy: 33% Urban: 56, 67, 46 Rural: 26, 37, 16, Worst: 29, 44, 16 Home: 47, U: 55, R 27, Mobile: 43, 41, 51 (rela) Home broad 43, 52, 21, 3 G+gprs: 91, 94, 79 (rela) Every(rel): 62, 64, 59 U: 65, 67, 61 R: 49, 50, 47 NO e-gov: 55, 53, 67, total users: 10 M+ Broadband users (BTK): 14 M Number of comp: 4 M, domain: 300(tr), 1. 3 M out
Summary • • Above world average; behind europa World indeces: fluctaing 50 -60, hdr: 92, dem: 90+ RSF: 148, Freedom House: 120+, innov: 74 Telecom is free in paper, not in practice, oligoply Disorganized, multicentered, lacking long term “ship is not destined to Info society” Governance most non existing Research and dev informatics weak
Questions • • Thanks for listening Akgul @bilkent. edu. tr http: // akgul. bilkent. edu. tr http: //akgul. web. tr Http: //blog. akgul. web. tr Bt-stk. org. tr inet-tr. org. tr ab. org. tr internethaftası. org. tr, inetd. org. tr Web. inet-tr. org. tr
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