TROPES BASED ON CONSTANT CONNECTIONS Metonymy
METONYMY • Metonymy is a trope in which the name of some object or idea is substituted for another to which it has some permanent objectively existing relations
• Metonymy is based on a certain type of relation between the dictionary and contextual meanings, a relation based on some kind of association connecting the two concepts which these meanings represent.
POSSIBLE RELATIONS • a concrete thing - an abstract notion • token – type (сущность и явление); relations of proximity • container – contained, • inventor – invented, • place – institution, • cause-effect, • material – the thing made of it • instrument – action, etc
1. A concrete thing used instead of an abstract notion. In this case thing becomes a symbol of the notion, as in "The camp, the pulpit and the law For rich men's sons are free. " (Shelley) 2. The container instead of the thing contained: The hall applauded. 3. The relation of proximity, as in: "The round game table was boisterous and happy. " (Dickens) 4. The material instead of the thing made of it, as in: "The marble spoke. " 5. The instrument which the doer uses in performing the action instead of the action or the doer himself, as in: "Well, Mr. Weller, says the gentl'mn, you're a very good whip, and can do what you like with your horses, we know. " (Dickens) "As the sword is the worst argument that can be used, so should it be the last. " (Byron)
• Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears! W. Shakespeare • (England)…sucked the blood of other countries, destroyed the brains and hearts of Irishmen, Hindus, Egyptians, Boers and Burmese. J. Galsworthy • Director Rippleton had also married money. S. Lewis
Widely used metonymical meanings • • • • crown may stand for 'king or queen', cup or glass for 'the drink it contains', woolsack for 'the Chancellor of the Exchequer who sits on it, or the position and dignity of the Lord Chancellor', e. g. , "Here the noble lord inclined his knee to the Woolsack. " (from Hansard). the press for '(the personnel connected with) a printing or publishing establishment', bench is used as a generic term for 'magistrates and justices'. hand is used for a worker; the cradle stands for infancy, earliest stages, place of origin, the grave stands for death. Silver stands for knives and forks even if they aren't sold silver. The word “plastic” is commonly used to refer to credit cards. The word "ivories" is often used to denote piano keys, even though the keys are no longer made of ivory. When a golfer plays with their "woods" they are referring to their longest golf clubs. The word "lead" is commonly used to refer to bullets.
Contextual metonуmy • genuine metonymy; reveals a quite unexpected substitution of one word for another, or one concept for another, on the ground of some strong impression, produced by a chance feature of the thing. • "Miss Tox's hand trembled as she slipped it through Mr. Dombey's arm, and" felt herself escorted up the steps, preceded by a cocked hat and a Babylonian collar" (Dickens)
• "Then they came in. Two of them, a man with long fair moustache and a silent dark man. . . Definitely, the moustache and I had nothing in common. " (Doris Lessing, "Retreat to Innocence") • "There was something so very agreeable in being so intimate with such a waistcoat; in being on such off-hand terms so soon with such a pair of. whiskers that Tom was uncommonly pleased with himself. " (Dickens, "Hard Times")
Synechdoche • based on a specific kind of metonymic relationship, which may be considered as quantitative. • This is when a part stands for the whole or when the whole stands for the part; an individual for a whole class for an individual.
Part for Whole • The word “bread” can be used to represent food in general or money (e. g. he is the breadwinner; music is my bread and butter). • The word “sails” is often used to refer to a whole ship. • The phrase "hired hands" can be used to refer to workmen. • The word "head" refers to cattle. • The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle.
Whole for a part • At the Olympics, you will hear that the United States won a gold medal in an event. That actually means a team from the United States, not the country as a whole. • If “the world” is not treating you well, that would not be the entire world but just a part of it that you've encountered. • The word "society" is often used to refer to high society or the social elite. • The word "police" can be used to represent only one or a few police officers. • The "pentagon" can refer to a few decision-making generals. • "Capitol Hill" refers to both the U. S. Senate and the House of Representatives.
Class representing the whole • One example of this is referring to the United States as “America” when the “Americas” is actually made up of many countries. • "Milk" is commonly used to refer to cow's milk when, in reality there are many sources of milk.
One for the whole class • Asking someone to put their “John Hancock” on a document refers to anyone putting their signature there. • It is fairly common in the United States to refer to any carbonated beverage as “Coke”. • Facial tissue is often referred to as "Kleenex"
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