TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT Jose A Puppim

TRENDS IN PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira Editor-in-Chief Public Administration and Development (Wiley) & Senior Research Fellow at the United Nations University (UNU-IAS), Japan

This presentation • • • Main topics and questions Challenges, trends and lessons Hot topics in Asia Middle Income Trap (MIT) Global issues The way forward

Main Topics and Questions in Contemporary Public Administration and Management

Broad Topics * STATE CAPABILITY (e. g. , STABILITY/ SECURITY, POLICY MGT, EFFECTIVE SERVICE DELIVERY ETC. ) • ACCOUNTABILITY (e. g. , TRANSPARENCY, PARTICIPATION, CIVIL SOCIETY) • RESPONSIVENESS (e. g. , REGULATION, RIGHTS/ EQUALITY, ANTI POVERTY & CORRUPTION)

Main questions in public administration and management for development • What are the roles of governments and public bureaucracies in development? • What public bureaucracies do or are supposed to do? How they should function? Why they function well? (or badly) • How can we make them perform better? • What are the most effective or efficient way to deliver some public policies? How policies should be delivered? To whom? • What are the roles of international organizations in development?

Public Administration and Development (PAD) • Since 1949, PAD reviews and assesses practice of public administration and management at local, regional, national and international levels • Focus on development in less industrialised & transitional economies • Attention to investigations of all phases public policy formulation & implementation wileyonlinelibrary. com/journal/pad

Most downloaded articles PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: PERSPECTIVES ON PURPOSES, PUBLICNESS, AND GOOD GOVERNANCE MARKET FAILURE, GOVERNMENT FAILURE AND EXTERNALITIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: THE CASE FOR A CARBON TAX GOVERNMENT–NONPROFIT PARTNERSHIP: A DEFINING FRAMEWORK DECENTRALISATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN AFRICA REBUILDING GOVERNANCE IN FAILED STATES AND POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM IN POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES: LESSONS FROM ACEH, INDONESIA EXPECTATIONS AND CAPACITY OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN NGOS IN THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT FLYING BLIND? EVIDENCE FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM AGENDAS ANALYZING THE SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES OF FISCAL CAPACITY BUILDING IN CHINA THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GREEN GROWTH: CASES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA ADVANCING THE GOVERNANCE OF CROSS-SECTORAL POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A METAGOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE AID EFFECTIVENESS AND THE PARIS DECLARATION: A MISMATCH BETWEEN OWNERSHIP AND RESULTSBASED MANAGEMENT? THE ROLE OF THE VISIBLE HAND OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN CREATING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Challenges, Trends and Lessons Importance of Learning and Trust

PUBLIC SECTOR CHALLENGES • State governance capacity a concern globally • Many major economies/societies cope with unprecedented public policy challenges: – – – environmental degradation, HIV/AIDS/SARS, rural out-migration and urban sprawl, managing change in multi-ethnic contexts, managing the balance between over centralization and devolution, – challenges of public service delivery, especially to the increasing numbers of those marginal to growth – public service ethics and trust.

HOT ISSUES GLOBALLY • • Corruption Decentralisation Poverty reduction policy management PPP, Government-NGO/Civil Society relations • Failed and post conflict states: the transition • Public sector performance management: benchmarking, evaluation and learning, outsourcing etc. . (NPM)

Common Trends – Ongoing search for public private partnerships in service delivery – Unrelenting stress on performance management – output orientation – No end in sight to rebuilding war torn states (e. g. , Aceh) – Poverty unmitigated and role of local government therein still elusive (e. g, Africa) – Fashion for technocratic solutions (IT/E Govt)

Paths to Improvements: Learning – Importance of a learning culture – Linking learning to values – Learning how to restore public trust and reinstate ethical values

Trusting in governments and other organizations

Who do we trust? COMPANIES GOVERNMENTS MEDIA NGOs EUA 50 43 45 58 ITALIA 62 31 70 74 INDIA 66 53 57 67 MEXICO 77 35 65 78 BRASIL 63 32 61 49 Source: Eldeman, Trust Barometer 2006, 2012 (Executive Summary).

Source: Eldeman, Trust Barometer 2006, 2012 (Executive Summary).

Japan 2010 -2012, before x after Fukushima Disaster

Some Lessons – Reality of complex multi-actor interventions – Importance of openness and trust – Need to get beyond panaceas and back to basics: loss of purpose in public service – Importance of culture and context: path dependency – Need for policy dialogue and thinking beyond stereotypes and around options

Is Asia different?

Hot Topics in Asia

Hot Topics in Asia • Ethics • Government-society Links • Territorial Administration

Hot topics in Asia (1): Ethics -CONFRONTING CORRUPTION IN THE HEALTH SECTOR IN VIETNAM: PATTERNS AND PROSPECTS -ETHICAL CULTURE AND THE VALUE-BASED APPROACH TO INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONAL SERVICES -FINDING GOD OR MORAL DISENGAGEMENT IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? EVIDENCE FROM INDIA AND NIGERIA -AGAINST THE ODDS: ANTI- CORRUPTION REFORM IN INDONESIA -PATRONAGE'S PROGRESS IN POST- SOEHARTO INDONESIA

Hot topics in Asia (2): Government-Society Links -COMPLEMENTARY ROLES? NGO-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS FOR COMMUNITYBASED SANITATION IN SOUTH ASIA -ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION TRANSPARENCY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR GREEN GROWTH IN CHINA -EVOLUTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE AND NONGOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS: A SOUTH ASIAN PERSPECTIVE -CIVIC ENGAGEMENT THROUGH PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING IN CHINA: THREE DIFFERENT LOGICS AT WORK -CIVIC ENGAGEMENT IN THE POLICY PROCESS IN HONG KONG: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY

Hot topics in Asia (3): Territorial administration (spatial aspects of the state, local governments, decentralization) • Metropolitan Governance Model for. Jakarta • Indonesia: Political Accountability and Local Government Performance • Chinese Local Administrative Reform & Land Conflicts in China • Disaster Management in Philippines • Privatisation and Regulation in Mongolia • Independent Regulatory Agencies in Turkey

CHINA’s CHALLENGES • Collection of essays in PAD Special Issue (2009) on China’s state governance capacity building challenges in key systemic areas: budgeting, performance management, audit and state enterprise reform as well as specific public policy issue areas, environmental protection, land security, local administrative and governance reform. • Chinese state faces many governance challenges with unwelcome recent extras such as natural disasters and climate change/air pollution. • Whilst China has experienced phenomenal growth, it has also had to balance the benefits among regions, development areas and population strata/groups. • A paradox arises in which China seeks to regulate its rapid economic development whilst at the same time reforming the state itself.

Special Topic (1) – Reforms to Avoid the MIT: Models to specific country contexts

Lessons to avoid the MIT • The applicability of governance models to specific country contexts; • Knowledge of the likely future paths as China and other countries seeks to deepen institutional and structural changes; • The interest in alternative development models in on the increase following near collapse of US economy/Europe & further discrediting of free market capitalist model of development (countries looking for their own model, or the raise of the other models of development).

Challenges for reforms to avoid MIT • Despite these historically unique challenges, the state capacity deficit has been aggravated in many cases by: – facets of the reforms that did not work (e. g. , neoliberal reforms in Latin America, facets of the New Public Management) – decline of trust in public institutions; – their legitimacy and accountability is at an all time low or in sharp decline; – Issues that go beyond individual National States.

Special Topic (2) – Global Issues in Public Management Decoupling in Networks

Global issues in public management • Implementation of international environmental regimes, like climate change, is their effects on the ground in order to achieve the necessary changes to foster the objectives of the agreements. • Literature tardy to address implementation • International regimes x domestic policies e. g. , climate policies in the US • Series of decoupling situations

Main Point: “Decoupling” in Networks • There are different degrees of “decoupling” between the networks in the international-local regimes, particularly those working on the ground and those coming from the top.

Reforms: Lessons for best and worst • Best practices: – Closing political and economic alignment between organizations and networks at the international and domestic/local level (e. g. , ODS) – Regimes that nurture existing implementation networks and capacity at the local/national (e. g. , CBD local) – Regimes that change the local balances in terms of power (e. g. , state env agency enforcement capacity) • Worst Practices: – Disconnections between international regimes and local dynamics (GC in the USA) – Disconnection among networks of actors (e. g. : donors and receivers of aid) – Lack of push from the top

Some Recommendations • Coordination and political alignment between negotiation and implementation at the international level • Bring in more of the local/domestic political economy to the international level with a balance in voice/participation of group of actors (e. g. , MNCS and SMEs) • Formal and informal recognition and action directly with subnational level • Promote international regimes at the local level

Final Points: The Way Forward

General Trends • Public administration/mgm => governance • + Efficiency => + Accountability • Top-down x Bottom-up => Top-down + bottomup • Aid crucial to developing countries => going without aid, new donor landscapes • Western dominated models => search for alternative models, both development and PA • Global issues x domestic implementation

Recent Special Issues • Knowledge-Building in Asian Public Admin Research, Education, and Practice: Current Trends & Future Challenges Vol 33, Issue 4, Oct 2013 • Governance And The Eradication Of Poverty: New Perspectives From Multidisciplinary Analysis Vol 32, Issue 4 -5, October. December 2012 • Public Administration And Sustainability: The Role Of Public Institutions In Creating A Sustainable Future Volume 32, Issue 3, August 2012 • Retribution, Restitution, or a Culture of Rejection - Re-assessing Approaches to Corruption Volume 32, Issue 1, February 2012 • Governments and Non-governmental Service Providers: Collaboration or Rivalry? Volume 31, Issue 4, October 2011

Special Issues (2) • Governance and Civic Engagement in the Asia Pacific Region Volume 31, Issue 2, May 2011 • Public-Private Partnerships: Familiar Ground, Fresh Perspectives Volume 31, Issue 1, February 2011 • The Future of Development Management Volume 30, Issue 2, 2010 • Symposyum on Capacity and Capacity Development Management Volume 30, Issue 1, 2010 • State Capacity Building in China Volume 29, Issue 1, 2009 FORTHCOMING ISSUES IN 2014 • Pensions Reform • Aiding Government Effectiveness in Developing Countries wileyonlinelibrary. com/journal/pad

Thank you! puppim@unu. edu wileyonlinelibrary. com/journal/pad