TRANSLATION VARIETIES Lecture 10 Outline classification

TRANSLATION VARIETIES Lecture 10

Outline • classification of translation based on physical parameters; • subcategories of translation varieties; • stages and approaches of translators applied when handling these varieties.

Translation Classification Based on physical parameters, Translation oral (interpretation) 1. Simultaneous 2. Consecutive chuchotage at-sight interpretation written (translation) 1. full translation 2. summary 3. annotated 4. patent

Oral Translation Consecutive interpretation follows the source utterance • Time lag • Denotative approach Basic approaches: - Phrase by phrase interpretation; - Whole speech interpretation (special recording system) Simultaneous is performed simultaneously with the original speech • Zero time lag • Special equipment (earphones, microphone, sound-insulated booth) • Special vocation and training • Transformational approach

Consecutive Interpretation Chuchotage (whispering translation) the interpreter speaks in low voice, almost whispers so that only the interpretation user can hear. Note: Standard consecutive interpretation At-sight translation the interpreter reads a written text in a source language and interprets it. Challenge: difference in written and colloquial styles

At-sight Translation • Scan a document rapidly for content and style • Analyze units of meaning which form each sentence • Anticipate syntactic rearrangement necessary in the Target Language • Render sight translation in Target Language while reading ahead and preparing to render next units of meaning • Render sight translation with accuracy and fidelity to the text • Employ effective speech skills, meaning the individual uses clear diction, appropriate pauses and intensity, delivers the message with fluidity, and in a well modulated voice

What are some problems you may encounter when asked to do a S. T. • Handwritten Text. • Ungrammatical sentence structures and poor punctuation (For ex. text written by non-native-speakers who are unfamiliar with the rules of grammar and punctuation) • Incoherent, or poor thought organization • Text may involve graphs, tables, pictures or diagrams • Lengthy text • Content that is considerably difficult and complex

At-sight Translation Example Last night I could not girop, I tossed and turned all pritoor but could not fall agirop. I finally got up and turned on the yiopl. I channel surfed for a while until I found a rietz about humpback whales I watched the entire thing and finally at 4: 30 am I fell agirop, but 30 tivgs later my alarm bopsa went off and I had to prepare to go to necop.

Written Technical Translation • • Full (total) translation; Summary translation; Annotated translation; Patent translation: full (total) patent translation, “express” patent translation, annotated patent translation, patent title translation, patent summary translation, consultative patent translation.

Full Written Translation is a main type of technical translation comprising 4 stages: 1. 2. 3. 4. Scanning Draft copy Edition Title translation

FWT. Scanning. Compulsory actions: • look through the text up to the very end (once, twice, three times…); • analyze source text (situation, background information, context, purpose); • consult dictionaries, reference books and etc. Note: in a case of irrelevance of presented information, provide your doubts in writing

FWT. Draft Copy. Compulsory actions: 1. Specify suitable fragments for translation The length of a source text part is defined by: conceptual completeness, text complexity, and translator’s memory. 2. Translate a specified part without consulting the source text. 3. Verify the translated part against the original and fulfill missed information

FWT. Edition. Translator edits the whole text checking the adequacy of the language, style, quality of a target text and its uniformity Style: Complex of individual linguistic peculiarities of the source text; Conventional (traditional) manner of expression; Quality of expression (accuracy, brevity, simplicity, and cleanness of used terminology).

FWT. Edition. There are several principles for technical translators to follow: - when source idea can be conveyed by several ways, chose the simplest and the most laconic one. - a foreign-origin word must be replaced by the native one; - all mentioned terms and names must be clear and have only one meaning.

FWT. Title. a translator is to translate the title of the source text Fiction Titles • Humorous • Thought-provoking • Appealing Technical Titles contain the main idea of the text

Translation-Edition. Proofreading Translation is completed. An editor must • Revise segment by segment ( - that the translator has really made a faithful and accurate translation of the original and has fully understood the text and has not missed any of the information, - any guidelines given by the customer have been followed) • Correct the text from the point of target language (the translated text is read smoothly and sounds natural) without reference to the original text.

Summary or Gist Translation Purpose – to create a short summary of the key points or messages of the source document in the target language. Stages: • Scanning: consulting special literature or reference books. • Selection: marking a text. • Reading: elimination of possible disproportion and incoherence. • Full translation: translation of the selected parts.

Annotated Translation Purpose – to annotate the source text in a target language. Types: 1. Book/paper/article annotation which provides a reader with a short description of the original emphasizing main issues being discussed and sometimes estimating it rather critically. 2. Foreign patent annotation.

Annotated Translation Stages 1. Reading – to look through the whole source material; 2. Source text plan development – to specify its main issues or describe its structure and content. 3. Annotation itself (not more than 500 words) Note: it should not convey the information presented in the text but describe it.

Patent Translation Patent translation Types: full patent translation “express” patent translation annotated patent translation patent title translation patent abstract (summary) translation consultative translation A patent - grant made by a government that confers upon the creator of an invention the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time.

Patent Structure and Composition • Front page - specifies the technical field to which the invention relates; indicates the background art, includes number, country, the date, classification indexes, author’s name, his/her address. Note: as titles are usually regarded as independent part of a patent it is a common place to translate just titles to create a definite database for ease of searching.

Patent Structure and Composition • Provisional Specification – filled to establish priority of the invention. Invention is only at a conceptual stage and delay is expected in submitting full and specific description. Note: provisional specification is not translated in a case of full patent translation • Complete Specification – must be completed within 12 months of provisional specification. accurately describes the invention and the best known method of carrying it out, and ends with one or more "claims" which define the scope of the invention.

Patent Structure and Composition • Claim - defines the boundaries of patent protection. It forms a protective boundary line around your patent that lets others know when they are infringing on your rights. The limits of this line are defined by the words and phrasing of your claims. • Illustrative part – contains drawings, sketches assigned with numbers and enumerated at the beginning of the illustrative part.

“Express” Patent Translation Purpose - to make summary of a patent without preliminary cutting of the original text. Stages: analysis of the information described, retelling or rewriting in accordance with his/her own plan in target language. Peculiarities: No drawings and sketches. Possible reader must be able to manufacture a patented product.

Annotated Patent Translation Purpose – to present briefly the core idea of the invention without its detailed description. It is necessary to point out the originality of the invention against others. Note: the structure or construction of the invention is not provided.

Patent Title Translation Applied for composing patent catalogues of foreign inventions. Purpose – to convey to the target language the main principle of the invention in a sentence. English patent titles: “Crates”, “Improvements on or Relating to Interlines”, “Methods and apparatus for carrying a chemical reaction continuously” Therefore – firstly examine the patent (second paragraph in British patent, first paragraph in American one)

Patent Title Translation Rules to be observed: not to use such words as improved (улучшенный), upgraded (усовершенствованный), new (новый) as they do not contain any useful information but can significantly extend the title. not to repeat prepositions and conjunctions, as in example: шарнир для рычажного механизма для подъемного окна.

Patent Summary/Abstract and Consultative Translation Purpose – to process signal patent information that results in creation of foreign patent summary in the Russian language. Typical American summary consists: front page (title part), drawing, patent claim term an accordance with present drawing. Consultative translation - oral interpretation of a patent including annotation, patent summary or simple interpretation of selected fragments.