Trading Strategies Involving Options ──選擇權交易策略 1
Hypothesis n The underlying asset is a stock n Other underlying assets can apply to similar results n n The options used in the strategies are European American option may probably be exercised early that leading to different profit outcome n Ignore the time value of money n To Simplify the exposition 2
Hypothesis n n n Initial cost premium(權利金)-long side margin(保證金)-short side 3
Types of Strategies n Hedge n holding single option on a stock and the stock itself n Spread n taking a position in two (or more) options of the same type. n Combination n Taking a position in both calls and puts on the same stock 4
Hedge strategy n Covered call(備兌買權) n Protective call(保護性買權) n Protective put (保護性賣權) n Covered put (備兌賣權) holding single option on a stock and the stock itself 5
Put – Call Parity n. S n n n n + P = C + Ke-r*T + D S : stock price ; P : the price of put ; C : the price of call ; K : strike price / exercise price ; r : risk-free interest rate ; T : the time to maturity ; D : the present value of the dividends 6
Covered call long a stock & short a call S-C=Ke-rf*T+D–P Profit +S +C C K-C K ST -C -(K-C) 7
Protective call short a stock & long a call -S+C=-Ke-rf*T-D+P Profit +C K-C ST K -C C -S 8
Protective put long a stock & long a put S+P=Ke-rf*T+D+C Profit +S ST K -P +P 9
Covered put short a stock & short a put -S-P=-Ke-rf*T-D-C Profit +P -P ST K -S 10
Spread trading strategy n n n Bull Spreads(多頭價差 ) Bear Spreads(空頭價差) Box Spreads(箱形價差) Butterfly Spreads(蝶形價差) Calendar Spreads(時間價差/行事曆價差/…) Diagonal Spreads(對角價差) taking a position in two (or more) options of the same type (i. e. , two calls or two puts) 11
Definition n n Type: two types—call & put Option series: 1. options of the same type 2. different expiration dates, the same strike price; different strike prices, the same expiration date. 12
Bull spread n n Both options have the same expiration date Hoping that the stock price will be up↑ Limit both the upside profit potential and the downside risk i. e. limiting both sides Three types of bull spreads can be distinguished 1. both calls are initially out of the money 2. one call is initially in the money ; the other call is initially out of the money 3. both calls are initially in the money 13
Bull Spread Using Calls Buy a call with a lower strike price and sell a call with a higher strike price Profit +C K 1 ST K 2 -C 14
Payoff from a bull spread created using calls Stock price range Payoff from long Payoff from call option short call option Total payoff ST ≧ K 2 ST - K 1 -(ST – K 2) K 2 - K 1 < S T < K 2 ST - K 1 0 ST - K 1 ST ≦ K 1 0 0 0 15
Example n n An investor buys for $3 a call with a strike price of $30 and sells for $1 a call with a strike price of $35 The profit is therefore as follows: Stock price range Profit ST ≦ 30 -2 30 < ST < 35 ST – 32 ST ≧ 35 3 16
Bull Spread Using Puts Buy a put with a lower strike price and sell a put with a higher strike price Profit -P K 1 K 2 ST +P 17
Bear Spreads n n n Both options have the same expiration date Hoping that the stock price will decline Limit both the upside profit potential and the downside risk 18
Bear Spread Using Puts Sell a put with a lower strike price and buy a put with a higher strike price Profit -P K 1 K 2 ST +P 19
Payoff from a bear spread created using puts Stock price range Payoff from long Payoff from put option short put option Total payoff ST ≧ K 2 0 0 0 K 1 < S T < K 2 - S T 0 K 2 - S T ST ≦ K 1 K 2 - S T -(K 1 – ST) K 2 - K 1 20
Example n n An investor buys for $3 a put with a strike price of $35 and sells for $1 a put with a strike price of $30 The profit is therefore as follows: Stock price range Profit ST ≦ 30 3 30 < ST < 35 33 - ST ST ≧ 35 -2 21
Bear Spread Using Calls Sell a call with a lower strike price and buy a call with a higher strike price Profit +c K 1 K 2 ST -c 22
Box Spread n n A combination of a bull call spread with strike prices k 1 and k 2 and a bear put spread with the same two strike prices If all options are European a box spread is worth the present value of the difference between the strike prices( (K 2 - K 1)e-r. T ) ; If they are American this is not necessarily so. 23
Box Spread 24
Box Spread n n If the market price of the box spread is too low(high), it is profitable to buy(sell) the box, called “long box” or “short box” Commissions are important to be considered when implementing this strategy coz the small profit may be easily offset by commissions Alligator spread 25
Butterfly Spread n n n Involves positions in options with three different strike prices K 1 : a relatively low strike price K 3 : a relatively high strike price K 2 : halfway between K 1 and K 3 , close to the current stock price Large stock price moves are unlikely 26
Butterfly Spread Using Calls Buy a call option with a relatively low K 1 , buy a call option with a relatively high K 3 , and sell two call options with K 2 Profit +C +C K 1 K 2 K 3 ST -C 27
Payoff from a butterfly spread Stock price Payoff from range first long call second long call short calls Total payoff ST < K 1 0 0 K 1 < S T < K 2 ST - K 1 0 0 ST - K 1 K 2 < S T < K 3 ST - K 1 0 -2(ST – K 2) K 3 - S T ST > K 3 ST - K 1 ST - K 3 -2(ST – K 2) 0 28
Example n n The stock price is $61. An investor buys for $10 a call with a strike price of $55, $5 a call with a strike price of $65 and sells for $7 two puts with a strike price of $60 The profit is therefore as follows: Stock price range Profit ST < 55 -1 55 < ST < 60 ST - K 1 -1 60 < ST < 65 K 3 - ST -1 ST > 65 -1 29
Butterfly Spread Using Puts Buy a put option with a relatively low K 1 , buy a put option with a relatively high K 3 , and sell two put options with K 2 Profit -P K 1 K 2 K 3 ST +P +P 30
Calendar Spread n n n The options have the same strike price and different expiration dates Neutral calendar spread : A strike price close to the current stock price is chosen Bullish calendar spread : Involves a higher strike price Bearish calendar spread : Involves a lower strike price Reverse calendar spread : Buys a short-maturity option and sells a long-maturity option 31
Calendar Spread Using Calls Buy a longer-maturity call option and Sell a call option with the same strike price Profit +C K ST -C 32
Calendar Spread Using Puts Buy a longer-maturity put option and Sell a put option with the same strike price Profit -P K ST +P 33
Brief Summary n Bull and Bear spreads: different strike prices and the same expiration date n Calendar spreads: the same strike price and different expiration date 34
Diagonal Spread n n Both the expiration date and the strike price of the calls are different Increases the range of profit patterns that are possible 35
Diagonal Bull Spread 36
Diagonal Bear Spread 37
Combinations n Taking a position in both calls and puts on the same stock n Straddle(跨式價差) Strips(紙帶價差) Straps(皮帶價差) Strangles(勒式價差) n n n 38
Straddle n n Bottom straddle (straddle purchase) : Buying a call and put with the same strike price and expiration date ; expecting a large move in a stock price but does not know in which direction the move will be Top straddle (straddle write) : Selling a call and put with the same strike price and expiration date ; large stock price moves are unlikely 39
Bottom straddle Profit +C K ST +P 40
Payoff from a bottom straddle Stock price range Payoff from long call Payoff from long put Total payoff ST ≤ K 0 K - ST ST > K ST - K 0 ST - K 41
Strip & Strap n n Strip : Buy one call and two puts with the same strike price and expiration date ; Considers a decrease in the stock price to be a more likely than an increase Strap : Buy two calls and one put with the same strike price and expiration date ; Considers a increase in the stock price to be a more likely than an decrease 42
Strip & Strap call put Strip 1 2 Strap 2 1 43
Strip & Strap Profit K Strip ST K ST Strap 44
Strangle n n n Bottom vertical combination : Buy a put and a call with the same expiration date and different strike prices Top vertical combination : Sell a put and a call with the same expiration date and different strike prices The stock price has to move farther in a strangle than in a straddle for the investor to make a profit ; The downside risk is less than a straddle 45
Bottom vertical combination Profit +C K 1 K 2 ST +P 46
Profit The stock price has to move farther in a strangle than in a straddle for the investor to make a profit ; +C The K 1 downside risk is K 2 than a less straddle ST +P Strangle Profit +C K ST +P Straddle 47
Payoff from a bottom vertical combination Stock price range Payoff from long call put Total payoff ST ≦ K 1 0 K 1 - S T K 1 < S T < K 2 0 0 0 ST ≧ K 2 ST - K 2 0 ST - K 2 48
Other Payoffs n All payoff functions (at time T) can be found: if Euro options can expire (at time T) with every single possible strike price Profit K 1 K 2 K 3 ST 49
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