Today Review mortality fertility Age

Today • Review mortality & fertility • Age structure © T. M. Whitmore

Questions? © T. M. Whitmore

Store display in Mexico City

Home Día de los Muertos display

Decorated graves in Guatemala

Día de los Muertos foods, market in Morelia, Mexico

Día de los Muertos displays for sale, Michoacan, Mexico

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) • = Average total number of births to a • • woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) ~ 2. 1 => parents only replacing themselves (called “replacement level fertility”) Øneed the extra 0. 1 due to childhood deaths LA ranges from: Ø~ 4 (Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti, Bolivia) Ø~2 (Costa Rica, Cuba, Uruguay) © T. M. Whitmore

Death related (mortality) • Life expectancy at birth (Eo)= Average • • • projected span of life at the date LA Range: Ø> 75 ( Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile) Ø< 70 (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Haiti, Bolivia) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Ø# deaths of infants (< 1 yr)/1000 live births in a given yr Range: > 30 (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti, Bolivia); < 10 (Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica) Whitmore © T. M.

Population age structure–youth (< 15) • World 29% • • ØLesser developed World 32% - 35% ØMore Developed World ~ 17% USA 20% Latin America 30% ØCentral America with Mexico 34% ØCaribbean 29% ØSouth America 29% Latin American extremes © T. M. Whitmore Consequences

Population age structure - aged (> 65) • World 7% • • ØLesser developed World 5% ØMore developed 15% USA 12% Latin America 6% ØCentral America with Mexico 5% ØCaribbean 8% ØSouth America 6% Latin American extremes Consequences © T. M. Whitmore

Population age structures • Population pyramid • Concept of dependency ratio • • • Ø(pop aged 0 -15 + pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age 15 -65 Developing world dependency ratio Ø 100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59 USA dependency ratio Ø 100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47 Latin America dependency ratio Ø 100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56 © T. M. Whitmore

Geographic distribution of population • High density zones • Low density zones • ØSouth America’s “empty heart” ØArid N Mexico (save border) ØArid areas in S cone Key growth zones ØMedium and larger cities (most all population growth here) ØRural – Rural migration more a redistribution than real growth © T. M. Whitmore

Urbanization • Proportion of a country’s population living • • in cities ØWorld = 47% ØUSA = 79% ØLA = 76%! Extremes in LA Large city urbanization in LA (% in cities > 1 million) © T. M. Whitmore

• Mega-cities • Urbanization II ØEmerging Megalopolis zones § Central Mexico § South Brazil triangle & Río de la Plata Concept of primacy ØSingle city in a country that dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc. ØExamples: § Santo Domingo § Guatemala City § Mexico City © T. M. Whitmore § Lima

Concept of primacy • Single city in a country that dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc. ØExamples: § Santo Domingo § Guatemala City § Mexico City § Lima © T. M. Whitmore

LA cities in World’s top 100 (19 of the top 100)

Roots of urban growth • Demographic • • ØR—to—Urban migration ØNatural increase within the city Economic ØIndustrialization ØRural stagnation Organizations ØBanks and governments © T. M. Whitmore

Benefits from urban growth • Efficient provision of social services • Cities are centers of information flow • • • and knowledge Concentrated (and better educated? ) labor pool Physical infrastructure often better Cities concentrate “human capital” Cities are a huge internal markets Easier linkages between industries Cities are often “better off” © T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth I • Housing • ØFirst destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums ØElite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city ØOften close juxtaposition of rich and poor Some planned attempts to deal with this © T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth II • Self-help (often squatter) housing • ØMany names: Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc. Ø 2 nd destination of R migrant ØSeen as places of permanence Ø 25 -40% of total pop in some cities ØInitially settlements lack infrastructure ØA main characteristic is improvement New trends © T. M. Whitmore

Problems with urban growth III • Subsidy and Sink effects • Congestion • Pollution • Loss of urban open space • Poor provision of basic services • Export of problems • Poverty generally • Employment not always good © T. M. Whitmore

Mexico City country club

Mexican stock exchange

Elite housing, Santo Domingo © T. M. Whitmore

Wealthy homes in Morelia, Mexico © T. M. Whitmore

Elite house Cuidad Juarez © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall

Planned new housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

Squatter housing in Mexico City

Mexico City inner city

Squatters outside Lima © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall

Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR © T. M. Whitmore

Self-help housing, Santo Domingo © T. M. Whitmore

Self-help housing, Lima © T. M. Whitmore

Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico © T. M. Whitmore

300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, Mexico Entire complex has > 10, 000!

Mexico City on a rare clear day

More typical Mexico City day

The urban economy • Dual system ØFormal § corporate, government, commerce, and major businesses § Minority of jobs? ØInformal § services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc. § Majority of jobs? © T. M. Whitmore

Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

Informal sector economy

Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers