To Know from Heinrichs 2017 Cicero s 5

To Know from Heinrichs (2017) • Cicero’s 5 canons of persuasion – Invention - 3 things to plan • Enthymeme – Arrangement - Order of Eth/Log/Path • Exordium • Reluctant Conclusion – Style – 5 virtues – Memory – Delivery (actio) • Demonstrative oratory rhetoric – how differs from deliberative

Cicero’s Canons: Invention “discover available means of persuasion” (Aristotle, 1982) 1. • attitude/belief/behavior? • past (law/order) or present (values) or future (choices)? 2. • Simple or complex? 3. • Base enthymeme on this (Aristotle) • Cicero (1959)

Cicero’s Canons: Arrangement (Cicero, 1942) 1. Ethos – 2. Logos – Narration – Division – Proof – Refutation - 3. Pathos – Reluctant conclusion -

Cicero’s Canons: Style “endows thy purposes with words that make them known” (Shakespeare) – Virtues of Style (Cicero, 1942) • Proper language • Clarity • Vividness (enargeia) • Decorum • Ornament

Cicero’s Canons: Memory “treasure-house of the ideas supplied by invention” (Cicero, 1942) • Mnemonic devices – Memory houses/villas

Cicero’s Canons: Delivery (Cicero, 1942) • Body – Bulwer’s Chironomia • Voice – Volume, stability, flexibility – Rhythm/cadence – Breath (impromptu & use Period)

Demonstrative Rhetoric (from Heinrichs, 2017) • Use for values (good/bad, right/wrong) – Present tense

Refutative Design • Best w/ • Demonstrative tactic: – Make complex simple • Balance figures • Interrupt self • Connect unalikes with alliteration • Emphasize one-word thing • Identify key issues in oppos. , systematically disprove • For each main pt. , • State • • Limit main points

Problem-(Cause)-Solution • Best w/ topics on • Demonstrative tactics: – enargeia, ramp up drama – Channel others’ ethos – Switch to future tense at end • Identify problem • • Identify Solution • • Who/How will solution • • If familiar topic, most time on • If unfamiliar topic, most time on • Typically, ? to participate in solution?

Need-Plan • Best with topics on • Demonstrative tactics: – Bring “tribe” together – Flatter (to go into deliberative choice) – Switch to future tense & describe outcome as dream • Variation of P-C-S • Introduce Need or Present Deficiency • Describe • • Develop arg. • Identify Plan to meet need • plan meets need/solve defic. • Compare to past Plans used for this need

Motivated Sequence • • Best ww/ topics on individual’s Demonstrative tactics: – Make problem “identity rhetoric” – Use periods? 1. Say Problem & why people need to fix 2. Say specific Solution/Plan to fix Problem 3. Say How Plan would affect Problem (enargeia!!!) • Help audience visualize 4. Appeal to audience (in conclusion) for

Pro/Con – Compare/Contrast • Best w/topics • Options for addressing: • 1 @ time: – Back & forth btwn two, always end with yours • All of • Try to keep to , then all