Tips to help with this exam Read

Tips to help with this exam • Read the question! pick out the key words • Try to relate the question to a workplace situation • Break questions down e. g. . design, use, maintenance where appropriate • Remember HS principles e. g. . RA, Controls, People

Reg 4 Systems, work activities & protective equipment Regs 1 -3 1 Citation 2 Interpretation 3 persons with duties • Systems must be maintained to prevent danger • All work activities must be carried out in a manner not to give rise to danger • Equipment provided to protect people working Reg 16 Persons to be competent to prevent danger and injury on live equipment must be suitable and maintained • Must be suitable for the environment and conditions that are reasonable foreseeable • Mechanical dame e. g. . vehicle, people • Weather, temp, pressure, natural hazards e. g. . bird droppings • Wet, dusty, corrosive conditions, presence • An understanding of the concepts of electricity and the risks involved in work associated with it Reg 6 Adverse or hazardous environments of flammable dusts • Knowledge of electrical work and Reg 5 Strength & capability of electrical equipment qualification in electrical principles • Must be able to withstand effects of its • Experience load • Knowledge of systems of work & ability to • Flammable or explosive atmospheres • Must be able to withstand effects of recognise risk & hazards transient or pulse currents Reg 7 Insulation protection & placing of conductors • Prevent danger from direct contact through insulation etc • Physical attributes to recognise elements of the system e. g. . not colour blind Reg 8 Earthing or other suitable precautions Reg 15 Working space, access & lighting Where there are dangerous live exposed conductors space should be adequate to • Allow persons to pull back from the hazard Electricity at work regs 1989 • Allow persons to pass each other • Purpose to prevent harm from indirect contact e. g. . casings Reg 9 Integrity of referenced conductors • Ensure electrical continuity is never broken Lighting should be adequate preference e to natural then artificial Reg 14 Work on or near live conductors • Competent staff Reg 13 Precautions for work on equipment made dead • Adequate information • Identify the circuit, don’t assume the labelling • Suitable tools: insulated tools, protective clothing • Barriers or screens • Instruments and test probe to identify what is correct Reg 11 means of protecting from excess current e. g. . fuse, RCD • Disconnection & isolation e. g. . isolation switches (lock off) removal of fuse/plug • Notices, signage and barriers is live and what is dead • Prove system dead test the test device • Accompaniment • Earthing • Designated test areas • PTW Reg 10 Connections – must have adequate mechanical strength e. g. . plugs Reg 12 Means of isolation

Groups at risk • Operators • Maintenance engineers • Teachers Layout (Envelope) Interlocked perimeter fencing • Planning during design • Positioned to prevent access to dangerous parts • Minimise need to approach robot • Normally 2 meters high • Good viewing arrangements outside • Rigid panels of enclosure • Adequate distance between robot & Behavioural - People • Hazard aware • Trained in procedures e. g. . entry, emergency • Adequately supervised Preventative maintenance and inspections • Securely fastened to floor enclosure • Infill suitable to protect from other hazards • Prevent trap points e. g. . ejected materials • Adequate access to rescue injured • Gates/access points to be interlocked person • Hinged/sliding interlocks • Access only through interlocked • Trapped key exchange gates or similar • Solenoid lock Robot Safety Electro-sensitive safety systems • Used in conjunction with fencing • Software checks to avoid aberrant • Photo cell device behaviours • Stop devices • Trip with use of light curtains arranged vertically/horizontally/diagonally • Guard checks • Integrity of parts for wear damage e. g. . • Pressure mats around machinery hydraulic rams • Trip wires etc robot comes into contact TEACHING with a person should trip • Remotely where possible • All should require manual restart • Slow mode when live Entry Procedures Positive stops • SSOW defined/RA carried out • Limits movement of robot • Analysis of hazards in all possible Emergency Stops provided at • Defined limits to prevent trap points • Control stations • Avoid creating additional trap points • Teacher control pedestal Brakes • PTW • All workstations • Prevent danger of fall under gravity • ISOLATION required • Other positions as necessary • Should be applied automatically when modes of operation • Release of stored energy before entry/work machine stops

Reference – Supply of machinery regs 1992 schedule 3 • Maintenance • Control devices • Lighting arrangements • Use • Safety & Reliability • Materials & products used/created • Installation Controls • Principles of safety integrations Consider General • Means of starting stopping device • Handling & Installation of machine • Normal stopping • Emergency stopping • Decommissioning • Mode of operation selection • Failure of power supply • Software design • Failure of control circuit Indicators • Information devices • Warning devices e. g. . alarms/lights • Warning of residual risks • Markings Protection against mechanical hazards Machinery ‘Essential health and safety requirements’ that should be addressed • Stability/anchorage – e. g. . floor fixings • Risk of break up during operation • Falling objects/ejected parts • Surface risk e. g. . sharp/hot/cold • Instructions • Variable speeds • Moving parts • Choice of protection arrangements Maintenance • Machinery maintenance • Access to operating and servicing position • Isolation of energy sources • Operator intervention • Cleaning of internal parts • Lubrication etc Protection against other hazards • Electricity e. g. . insulation • Other stored energy e. g. . hydraulic pressure • Errors of fitting • Fire/explosion • Noise • Dust/gases e. g. . extraction • Vibration • Radiation Required Characteristics of guards • Fixed • Movable guards • Adjustable guards • Special requirements for protective devices

Key Factors • Crane Lift • Lift • Forensic evidence • Load • Weight • Gravity – lifting point? • Slinging method – appropriate for load? • Type of lift Crane • Static • Type –suitable for lift? • Slewing • SWL of crane • Lift & Travel • Alarm system working? • SWL indicator/radius indicator • Exceeded? • Operational criteria e. g. . adequate strength & stability • Design characteristics • Counter balance • Drag • Site conditions e. g. . wet, windy, foggy, obstructions/excavations • Lifting plan, witness statements visual inspections • Training records • Crane driver, slingers, rigger, banksman Forensic evidence • Type of failure • Buckling • Brittle • Ductile • Integrity of Jib look for evidence of • Out riggers alterations, repair, corrosion, missing bolts • Configuration for task e. g. . level ground, positioning to load, distance required to travel • Settings & functionality of controls, switches & alarms • Maintenance & certification records • Lifting history Range of issues & evidence to examine during investigation of lift op failure (crane)

Key Factors Live Loads • Dead load • People • Live load • Furniture • Dynamic load • Solar radiation • Vibration/sudden shocks • Weather • Atmospheric contaminants • Equipment Dead loads • Material which buildings is Dynamic loads Constantly moving and changing every day Dead loads & Live loads change slowly and are called static loads Other loads can change suddenly such as wind gust, these loads are dynamic constructed from e. g. . columns, beams, floors • Timber decay • Corrosion • Subsidence Solar Radiation • Absorbed when it strikes a material • Materials expand when warm Subsidence • Contract when cooling • Signs of defects include Factors Effecting Structural Safety • Semi random cracks in walls • Sagging in arches/beams • Fractures of pipe joints • Builds over mine tunnels or large • Solar radiation causes surfaces to heat up quickly • Rain falling onto hot surfaces can causes severe shock and result in tension cracking e. g. . roof membrane holes can cause serious deformation Vibration & Sudden Shocks Corrosion • Metal combines with oxygen in the Rain/snow/hail air to form rust • Moisture greatest cause of deterioration Timber Decay • Deterioration of timbers can severely cases lead to building collapse • Due to wet rot/dry rot/fungal attack & insect attack • Rising damp causes flaking and Atmospheric contaminants • Combine with moisture to form acid rains which attack materials • Sulphur dioxide • Carbon dioxide • Oxygen • Ozone • Traffic/machinery • Can effect foundations of buildings • Buildings can be struck by vehicles/plant cracking • Frozen water causes stresses & cracks Wind • Moisture promotes rust in metals • Physical damage • Moisture creates environment for • Dampness by driving rain moisture fungal growth • Build of snow/ice on roofs increases structural loading into buildings • Can lift roof covering

Effects Fire on materials Steel Concrete Wood • Will expand with heat • Limited expansion • Thin sections will burn promoting fire • Loss of strength normally @600 • Cracks and spalls made worse by Celsius expanding reinforcement steel e. g. . rebar • Deform & Buckle spread • The charred surface of thick timber will act as insulation to inner timber • Poor conductor of heat properties may have changed • Dependant on species • Will have lost structural strength • When cooled will regain strength but • Generates smoke & allows surface when cool • Acts as conductor transferring heat propagation of fire • Strength after burning depends on thus spreading fire Precautions to prevent failure of materials Steel original thickness and proportion loss to fire Concrete • Compartmentalise to reduce Wood • Selection of type and mix to • Concrete cladding • Selection of thick timbers improve fire resistance conduction • Increase thickness of concrete • Automatic cooling with sprinkler from exposed surface to steel reinforcement (rebar) system etc. General precautions • Sprinkle system • Fire resistance cladding • Early fire detection • Control of ignition sources & reduction of fuel type materials – fire risk assessment and adequate controls implemented • Selection of timber e. g. . hardwood burns slower than soft wood • Treat with fire retardant substance

Key Factors/Regs • Confined space regs • Reg 4(1) Avoid • Reg 4(2) If must SSOW to be defined • Reg 5 Define Emergency Reg 4(2) SSOW Reg 4(1) Avoid if possible Risk assessment to consider Consider other options • People conducting work e. g. . age, experience, training • Cameras • Likelihood of flammable/explosive • Cleaning lances atmosphere from previous contents • Robotic inspection • Access/egress rescue plan Specified occurrence • Contaminated air from previous contents • Fire or explosion • Build up of heat • Loss of consciousness/asphyxiation • Duration of activity from gas, fumes or lack of oxygen • Lack of oxygen • Drowning • Working at height within CFP • Asphyxiation arising from free flowing solid e. g. . mud slide • Loss of consciousness arising from high temperature Confined space entry • Ingress of solids/liquids • Impact of other plant • Outside environment Weather, other activities • Isolations required • Emergency situation Reg 4(2) SSOW cont. Control measures Reg 5 Emergency planning/Procedure • Communication with workers in vessel/space • Raising the alarm • Emergency rescue e. g. . tripod winch • Provision of stand by man/first aider • Means of fire fighting • Provision of emergency escape sets • Communication with emergency services • Trained and experienced workers to conduct activity • Entry procedures, use of equipment e. g. . BA • Purge of space with inert gas e. g. . nitrogen • Forced air ventilation • Atmospheric testing e. g. . gas/oxygen level monitoring • Suitable electrical equipment e. g. . intrinsically safe • Earthing arrangements • Job rotation e. g. . control of heat fatigue • Appropriate access and egress e. g. . scaffold, ladders • WAH provision, e. g. . scaffold internal of space • Barriers to prevent unauthorised access • Appropriate isolations as necessary • Appropriate PPE e. g. . anti static clothing, BA, gloves etc. Last paper

Controlling pump rate Complete containment of flammable liquid, not leaks, seals joints etc • Speed slow – not to propagate static build up Avoid splash/spray filling Worker involved trained and competent in operation e. g. . aware of hazards and precautions necessary Earthing of all conductive surfaces e. g. . tankers, pipe work, containers e. g. . IBCs Key factors to protect against ignition from static of a flammable vapour during transfer of containment of liquids Over fill protection system e. g. . high level indicator, interlocked shut down Use of inert gas blanketing above the liquid Keep at zero potential, Earthing should be interlocked to pump system Provision of anti static clothing including footwear Implementation of a vapour return system Last paper

Key points Controlled waste • Household • Duty of care ‘categories of persons’ • Commercial • Duty of care Exceptions • Industrial • Agricultural • Mines/Quarries • Radioactive waste Duty of care Categories of persons Persons who • Produces CW EPA section 34 Concepts of duty of care • Imports CW • Carries CW • Stores CW • Treats CW • Disposes of CW Exceptions of house holders Duty of care Reasonable steps to prevent; • Deposits of CW without waste management license • Treatment, storage, disposal in manner likely to cause pollution • Treatment, storage disposal with out waste handling license • Prevent escape • Transfer to unlicensed holding • Transfer without written description

Automatic Fire Detection Heat Detectors Smoke Detectors • Fixed temperature type • Ionisation type – Thermocouple detects when a set temperature is reach –Small radioactive source to ionise a chamber into which smoke enters during a fire. Detector reacts to change in current caused by neutralisation of ions by smoke particles • Rate of rise type – Detects abnormal temp rises (sudden) – Electronic resistors – Usually incorporate fixed temp element as well • Optical type –Responds to the obstruction of a focused light ray or the scattering of light from an optical ray by smoke Unsuitable for • Rapid heat rise workplace e. g. . laundrettes, steel manufactures Unsuitable for • • Dusty workplace due to false alarms e. g. . flour mills Workplace which generate smoke e. g. . kitchen, welding workshops Heat (fixed or rate of rise) where there are fumes, steam or other particles may be present that would be detectable by a smoke detector and cause false alarms. Smoke (optical or ionization) everywhere else within reason Last paper

Raising the alarm Publishing and training of procedure • Regular drills • Documented • Fire log book • Consider any disabilities and make provision for e. g. . visual alarm for deaf people Numbers of people to evacuate & physical ability • Contacting the emergency service e. g. . interlocked alarm system or manual call • Distance of travel required • Escape routes • Alternatives routes Accounting for people Emergency light and signs Liaison with emergency services • Exits • Numbers of people involved • Escape routes • Specific hazards in building Issues to address when planning a fire evacuation Refuges and safe havens (muster points) Prevention of re-entry Training of fire wardens • Zoning Equipment and security • Equipment may need shutting down safely • Security could be an issue after evacuation Roles and responsibilities • Managers • Staff • Areas of responsibility

Key principles • Dust control • Ignition source control • Mitigation of explosion effects • DSEAR regs Ignition control • Zoning • No smoking policy Mitigating effects of explosion Dust control • No mobile phones • Damping down • Provision and use of anti static clothing and footwear • Equipment able to withstand explosion • Extraction of dust at point of transfer (LEV) • Interlock device to prevent overfilling of vessels • High standard of house keeping • Ensuring that systems are sealed where possible • Venting and explosion panels • Earth bonding of equipment • Bursting disc on vessels • Assessment in compliance with DSEAR regs • Suppression – inerting • Appropriate zone identification of areas i. e. . 20, 21 or 22 • Use of spark protected equipment – intrinsically safe to appropriate zone • Abnormal activities generating sparks under hot work PTE Reducing risk of dust cloud explosion and mitigating explosion effects • Compartmentalisation – minimise effected

Consider automated system (robotic to almost eliminate pedestrians requiring access Segregate pedestrians from vehicles with the use of fixed barriers Where possible re-route pedestrians away from vehicle movement area e. g. . elevated corridors Ensure lighting is adequate and suitable for tasks carried out Separate access & egress points for vehicles/pedestrians Create safe passing places Design features to reduce risk of vehicle/pedestrian collision Introduce safe crossing points e. g. . zebra crossing Avoid creation of blind bends if unavoidable install wall mounts mirror (convex) to improve visibility Allow sufficient space for vehicles to operate Where possible design routes such to eliminate/reduce the need for reversing Direction of vehicle movement control e. g. . force one way traffic

Mechanical hazards • Vehicle impact • Plant equipment nearby • Abrasion from operate equipment Weather conditions • Rain – moisture entering • Freezing leading to crack through expansion High/Low temperatures Aspects of a working environment which increase electrical risk • Heat • Humidity Corrosive atmospheres leading to corrosion of parts Flammable/explosive atmosphere Intrinsically safe Flame proof • Restriction of electrical energy in equipment, insufficient to create heat/sparks • Heavy duty of substantial build and enclosed. When flammable atmosphere enters the equipment can withstand enclose an explosion and prevent the ignition of any flammable atmospheres surrounding equipment • Faults may increase energy levels above safe limit • May not be suitable for use in areas with combustible powders of dust. May require special measure to prevent ingress of water

Inform of any significant/unusual residual risks Duties apply at all times e. g. . appointing of CDM coordinator if notifiable Provide info with the design to assist clients, contractors, designers e. g. . notes for drawings, rational behind design decisions Take into account Workplace (HS&W) regs when designing workplace structures Conduct risk analysis of major design e. g. . HAZOP/FMEA Duties of designers under CDM 2007 Ensure that client is aware of their duties Ensure that they (designers) are competent for the work they do Co-operate with others as is necessary to manage risks e. g. . contractors Avoid foreseeable risks (construction and use) SFAIRP during design by Co-operate with CDM co-ordinator & other • Eliminating hazards where poss. • Reduce remaining risk • Give collective risk reduction measures priority over individual measures Provide information for h & S file

Regular maintenance and safety inspection e. g. . guard check Safe operation and adjustment of top guard Effective guarding of blade under bench Adequate lighting and saw suitably fixed to floor Provision of emergency stops and means of isolation Use of push stick to feed materials being cut Safe operation of bench mounted circular saw Ensure that the riving knife is correctly positions through risk assessment Sufficient space around equipment kept clear of obstructions Use of appropriate PPE e. g. . hearing protection/goggle, dust mask Ensure that operators are suitable trained and experience to use the saw, also ensure appropriate level of supervision Provision of LEV to remove dust

Corrosive Failure • Chemical/electro-chemical attack by atmosphere • Only affects metals • Materials lose strength can thin • Occurs when oxygen levels of carbon dioxide levels are high & when PH levels are low or high Excessive Stress • Ductility – amount of stretch before a material ruptures • Usually result of single stress over load • Materials can balloon due to excessive pressure Abnormal external loading • Struck by something e. g. . vehicle • FLT/Fuel tankers • Explosion Hydrogen attack Over pressure • Hydrogen seeps into gaps in • Catastrophic results e. g. . vessel molecular frame work rupture • Causes stresses within framework • Examples are cathode reaction, electroplating • Failure of relief valves can cause • Normally systems tested to 3 times Pressure systems causes of failure normal operating pressure Creep Overheating • Under constant load • Can occur if alarms/controls fail • Deforms over time (plastic) • Causes rise in pressure • Temperature is important, materials determine working temperatures that can be used Mechanical fatigue & Shock Brittle fracture Thermal fatigue & Shock • Fracture without deformation • Shock is sudden change in temp of • Brittle materials are strong but not resistant to cracks • Impact loading causes e. g. . rapid temp changes, pressure differences • High tensile & residual stresses promote water • Causes rapid expansion/contraction of system components • Leads to fatigue and material stress ultimately failure of system e. g. . leaking pipes, fracture of vessels • Pressure causes tensile stress in all directions • If stresses are greater than material can cope with it will lead to ductile or brittle failure • Fatigue stress is usually progressive • Fatigue failure often triggered by surface interruption e. g. . grinding marks, weld defects, notches etc • Pressure focuses at root of defect

Key points • Design • Operation • Inspection/Maintenance Design • Take account of current safe practise • Fit for purpose/CE marked • Material constructed from suitable for materials in process • Expected life • Maintenance/testing accesses • Operating pressures and provision of safety devices e. g. . • Safety valve (PRV) Operation • Gauges • Use within performance envelope • Level Controls • Operators trained and experience to identify errors and prevent faults through error arising • Blow down valves • Pressure gauges • Aware of safe operating limits • Scheme of examination • Equipment marked with operating pressures/temperatures max/min • Quality control • Filtering/treating of water (boilers) Technical & procedural measures to minimise likelihood of pressure system failure Inspection • Written scheme of examination – statutory • Pressure vessels • Pipe work and valves • Protective devices • Pumps and compressors • Prepared by competent person • NDT/examination

Properties of LPG • Flammable at standard temp & pressure • Denser than air • Liquid form floats on water • LEL is reached in small concentrations • Can cause suffocation in high concentrations Control of ignition sources • No smoking • Storage of cylinders away from potential ignition sources e. g. . fabrication shop • Control of mobile phones Concrete level floor, surrounding area kept free of vegetation (not with use of oxidising week killer e. g. . sodium chlorate • Storage area regarded as zone 2 so only zone 2 IS rated electrical equipment to be used • Signage stating highly flammable • Dry powder fire extinguisher Stored away from excavations, drains, pond, rivers, cellars at least 3 m located close to storage area Any store room must be noncombustible or fire resistant and ventilated with and explosimeter installed If more than 400 Kg stored must have 2 m high mesh fence and cylinders at least 1. 5 m away from fence with 2 exits LPG in cylinders precautions (storage) Protected from elements were possible Empty cylinders stored separately from full cylinders, caps fitted to valves. Well ventilated Stored away from any oxygen cylinders. oxidising substances Storage compound designed to prevent vehicle impact Cylinders stored in upright position

Key points • Instability • Training • Refresher training circumstances Causes of instability Lateral (side instability) • Insecure load Refresher training appropriate • Operator not used truck for some time • Been involved in accident/near miss • Drive laterally on slope (angle of slope, elevation of load • Hitting obstruction e. g. . curb • Uneven ground • Cornering (fast, sharp) • Developed unsafe practices • Change in working practice • Poor tyre condition/uneven pressures • Best practice every 3 years or as per company policy Causes on instability Longitudinally (Front to back instability) • Overloaded vehicle FLT safety • Incorrect positioning of load on forks • Load slipping forward (inappropriate tilt of mast Training • Basic training (CITB/RTITB) • Operating truck • Maintenance & checks • Specific job training • Specific truck type operation • Use of truck in various conditions • Work to be undertaken & SSOW • Familiarisation training under supervision • Site layout • Types of storage/load e. g. . racking • Local emergency procedures • Driving with load elevated • Changing tilt • Driving forwards down slops • Driving backwards up slopes • Sudden braking • Striking overhead obstruction

Key points • Fuses • Miniature circuit breakers • Residual current devices • Reduced low voltage systems • Precautions to be taken Fuse • Protects systems not people normally Miniature circuit breaker • Prevents overloads of electrical system • Close tolerances for design and overheating of electrical wiring • Limits shock under severe fault condition • Limits over currents • Does this by the heating effect of electric current which melts the metal link if current exceeds the design value Precaution to be taken when maintaining or repairing electrical systems • Remains broken until replace current flow and speed of operation • Provide visual detection following operation (e. g. . switch to off position • Need to be reset after fault detection • Are reliable • Design to protect system • Identify equipment to be worked on • Obtain system drawings & information • Consider whether work can be done dead SSOW for dead: • Isolation/lock off • PTW • Proved dead • Test test equipment • If work required is live SSOW: Methods and devices designed to improve electrical safety + precautions to be taken when maintaining or repairing systems • Screening of conductors near Residual current devices or earth leakage circuit breakers work • Testing live conductors through • Shock limiting device not system holes with probes protection • Use of suitable test equipment • Have testing arrangements in • Shock is still received but time reduced Reduced voltage system e. g. . 110 V • Monitors balance of current in line and • Consideration of accompaniment • Transformer neutral • Consideration of insulated tools • Supply centre tap to earth consist of • Operates on earth leakage fault place for testing equipment • Adequate space • Earthed systems • Adequate lighting • Class 1 equipment • Double insulated class 2 equipment • Required procedural measures to be followed • Live and neutral disconnect from local power supply

Design Operation Maintenance • Material to be used for vessels and pipework • SSOW • Arrangements for examination and inspections • Suitable to withstand corrosive nature of substances • Layout of facility • Segregation between acid/alkalis e. g. . compartmentalisation • Design and position of inlets • Prevent cross connection • Operation of equipment • Emergency procedures e. g. . spill response • Training • PTW system • Isolation procedures • Cleaning prior to work e. g. . purge • Tanker drivers • Regular cleaning of bunds • Operators • Provision of training to maintenance • Provision of PPE e. g. . chemically resistant suits, gloves, full face visor • Bunding of tanks • Separate bunds • Capacity 110% of largest container min • Bunded sealed with appropriate material (with stand corrosive) • Safety devices • High level indicators • Isolations • PLC control • Interlocked system • Adequate lighting • Adequate access and egress • Arrangements for spill containment • Labelling of system e. g. . flow direction of pipes • Emergency arrangements e. g. . drench water safety shower Safety provisions required for receiving and storing acids and alkalis staff both maintenance and emergency

Chemical changes involve heat Temperature Increase speeds up reaction – Le Chateliers principle • Exothermic - Evolutes If the heat released from reaction is not controlled/removed reaction will speed up exponentially • Endothermic - Absorbs Can result in • auto ignition explosion • Catastrophic over pressure resulting in loss of containment e. g. . vessel rupture and toxic release Operational features to prevent • Violent boiling • High calibre of operator experienced and appropriate level of qualification to operate process • Ensure that maintenance • Secondary competing reaction Runaway reactions activities/raw material handling don’t introduce potential catalysis into reaction Causes • Failure of temp control (reaction Design features to prevent cooling) • Conduct HAZOP study • Strong exothermic reaction • Appropriate temperature control system e. g. . • Presence of containment catalysis matrix cooler • High integrity temperature detection linked to cooling/reaction addition protection • Pressure rise detection linked to cooling/venting/auto shut down • Vessel protected by correctly sized bursting disc linked to safe haven e. g. . secondary vessel to dump reaction to • PRV’s, weighted lids to realise pressure • Agitation of liquids to promote even temp distribution (speeds up reaction)

Cylinder/container containing flammable gas under pressure e. g. . butane pressure turns gas into liquid state Valve opened reduces pressure turning liquid into gaseous state Examples of incidents San Carlos Cylinder exposed to heat source e. g. . caught in a fire liquids absorbs heat • Crashed over loaded road tanker • Explosion • 216 Dead Mexico city BLEVE Liquids starts to vapour and is vented off Sudden release of contents resulting in Liquid level falls heat continues • Blast wave (low) • Radiation (thermal) high • Missiles travelling long distances Substantial thermal heat sever burns e. g. . LPG cylinder BLEVE has serve burn range of 35 m Area of cylinder just above liquid level starts to weaken/thin with heat Area unable to hold internal over pressure and ruptures

Identify recycling opportunities at all stages of process Substitute process materials for ones that give rise to non hazardous waste Explore becoming licensed to save cost e. g. . EA permit Explore other disposal means (incineration, liquefied waste to sewer) Reducing cost and environmental impact of hazardous waste (sludge) Exchange waste streams to other companies which could use waste as raw material e. g. . waste solvents to paint producers Improve production efficiency to produce less waste Treat waste on-site to reduce quantity (De-watering) Treat waste to reduce hazardous properties e. g. . ph balancing Selection of waste contractors that can process the waste Last paper

Purpose Check for faults (e. g. . cracks) in components before they develop into total failure without affecting integrity of the component Dye testing Impact (tap testing) • Put dye on • Dye penetrates making cracks visible • Cheap & simple (pro) Other techniques • Doesn’t detect sub surface faults • Pneumatic testing (con) • Hydro testing • Not totally reliable (con) • Can be enhanced by using • Strike surface • Changes in pitch of reverberant sound • Cheap (pro) • No indication of where fault is located (con) • Relies on individual skill (con) fluorescent penetrate and UV source Ultrasonic Technique • Penetrate may be toxic (con) • Short pulses of high frequency ultrasound are used • Need good eyesight Magnetic particle • Reflected waves detected and shown • Coat surface with magnetic power on digital display or oscilloscope or liquid • Surface and sub-surface defects • Only requires one side of joint • Quick to perform • Simple & Quick NDT • Suitable for most environments • Very sensitive to surface cracks • Interpretation of results can be difficult particularly on inside of vessel • High level of expertise required • Coupling equipment onto rough surfaces can be difficult Radiography • X-rays/Gamma rays penetrate item and leave an image on film • Defects are shown up by differences in the intensity of the radiation striking the film • Detects internal defects and a permanent record is created • Expensive Eddy current testing • Surface and near surface crack detection • Electromagnetic method/instrumentation • Can be used to verify materials heat treat condition • Can be automated (pro) • Can suffer from spurious defect indications • Bulky equipment • Doesn’t work on non-conductive materials • Present radiation hazard and tight controls • Relatively expensive and requires skilled are required • Skilled radiographers are needed operator

Consideration of flammable atmospheres etc EX rating Maintenance, cleaning and testing considerations Availability of natural light Psychological effects Compliant with workplace (health, safety & welfare) regs Illumination ratio Level of luminance H & S Issues to identify during a lighting audit of a factory Emergency lighting Requirements for pedestrians/vehicles Close working tasks Lighting fort non-daytime external areas Equipment lighting to comply with PUWER requirements Task specific lighting Avoidance of stroboscopic effects with regard to rotating machinery DSE work station lighting Avoidance of glare

Access & Egress Emergency arrangements • Alarm • Muster points • Escape routes • Maintenance workers • Pedestrians • Building workers • Vehicles Traffic management Public safety • Deliveries • Falling objects • Plant • Screening • MEWPS etc Storage of materials • Hazardous • Flammable • Housekeeping • Segregations/barriers Safety aspects to consider before starting external maintenance/construction works on build with public facing front (footpath) work includes roof • Lay down areas • Security • Fencing • Dust damping • Noise levels Building workers safety • Safe systems of work • Provision of PPE • Fall protection • Scaffolding • Edge protection Welfare facilities Plant and equipment requirements • Signage • Washing • Suitability • Hazardous materials present e. g. • Toilets • Availability • Rest/eating etc asbestos

Benefits of regular drills • Compliance with legal requirements FFRO • Efficient evacuation in future • Highlights deficiencies in alarm, procedure and evacuation • Allow practise of scenarios such as abnormal route use etc • Refresh staff training and awareness of procedure Fire Alarm Design/maintenance • Quiet • Does not extend into all parts of building • Poorly maintained sounders • Faults within infrastructure leading to partial failure in some areas Deficiencies in procedure • Difficult to understand • Poorly communicated • Not exercised Factors that could contribute to a delay in evacuation + benefits of regular drills Human factors • Hearing disabilities • Belief that false alarm • Poorly planned escape routes • Untrained staff Execution of procedure • Delayed response to alarm • Staff not reacting quickly • Finishing of phone calls • Belief that above evacuating • Switching off equipment • Waiting for direct notification e. g. . phone call • Fire Marshalls not following • Routine violations • Blocked escape routes procedure • Staff not trained • Poor response perhaps many false alarms have occurred in past

Introduction of Automated Guided Vehicle to Warehouse Risks Reduced • Manual handling • Pedestrian/vehicle collision • Racking Collisions • Falling objects less likely to contact person • WAH access to racking • Reduction of noise • FLT collisions • Incorrect order picking Risks Increased • Programming dangers (teachers) • Interference in signal • Proximity sensors to prevent pedestrian contact • AGV collision • Guarding of order picking machinery • Dropped loads to be dealt with in automated area • Maintenance activities for equipment • Software failure

Planning & Organising • Consider work to be carried out and devise RA & MS • Nominate supervisor for task • All workers briefed on general & specific risks • Suitable equipment for task e. g. . PPE, tools, access etc Preparation of Silo Working area • Emptied • Excluding non essential personnel • Locked off to prevent filling • Erecting barriers • Sighting of warning signs Working at height • Use of platforms • Handrails • Toe boards • Harnesses if required • Protection of fragile sections of silo top movement of parts Precautions to be taken before & during repair work of a 15 m high grain silo on farm (with welding required) • Residue removed before hot works • Damped down • Signage erected of work in progress etc Confined space entry • PTW control • Ventilation • Trained staff • Emergency rescue plan defined and trained • Ensure suitable access and egress • Oxygen monitoring

MEWPS Hazards Requirements for safe use • • • Falls from height of persons/materials Instability of vehicle e. g. . uneven ground Being struck by other vehicles Trapping & impact hazards Mechanical failure Contact with over head power lines Exposure of workers to adverse weather conditions • • • Selection of trained competent operators Persons may be connected to MEWP with fall restraint Toe boards installed/use of tool wrist straps Barriers installed to protect area MEWP used in Correct positioning e. g. . level firm ground, not close to over head services, use of outriggers where installed Prevent of use in adverse weather conditions Not exceeding SWL Regular inspections & maintenance Ensure trap points are guarded Ensure used in locked position Prohibit transfer of people/materials whilst in raised position

To supply machine under SMSR 1992 process Satisfy Essential health and safety requirements and be safe • Safe and reliable control devices including normal operation and emergency controls • Stable • Protection against mechanical hazards e. g. . moving parts guarded • Protection from other hazards e. g. . Satisfy requirements of EHSR vibration, electricity & noise • Maintenance activities • Adequate indicators e. g. . alarms and warning light etc Responsible person to prepare technical file Preparation of technical file • Detailed drawings • Calculations, test reports Responsible person to ensure machine meets requirements of other EC directives • Description of methods used to eliminate hazards • Machinery RA • Instruction draw up in accordance with provision of information Issue a Declaration of conformance Fix the CE mark in a visible, legible and obvious manner Last paper

Determine appropriate frequency of inspection for each item based on factors affecting level of risk e. g. . • Type of appliance • Protective systems used • Use Inventory of all equipment requiring examination and test to be made and unique means of identification e. g. . number system • Frequency of movements • Earth boning • Age • Environment which appliance used in • Experience and competence of user • Historical information and manufacturers recommendations Factors to consider when devising scheme for PAT testing Criteria for each type of examination defined including issues such as • Competence of the tester • Calibration and maintenance of test equipment • Format of records to be kept • Results of tests and examinations • Systems to identify and remove from use equipment that is found to be faulty Electricity at work regs and HSE published guidance

Sources of Ignition from diesel powered vehicles and possible protection to minimise risk of explosion in flammable atmosphere Sources • Flames/sparks from exhaust/inlet systems • Sparks from vehicle electrical system • Static build up from over speeding/loading the engine • Hot parts e. g. . exhaust Protection • Fit spark/flame arrestors preventing flashback to atmosphere if drawn into inlet system plus prevent any sparks from escaping system • Engine and exhaust system design to ensure surface temps are below ignition temp of atmosphere • Use of water jacket around hot parts • Electrical equipment on vehicle suitable for zones 1 or 2 where possible • Speed limiters to prevent speed at which static could build up • Use of electrically conductive materials for parts e. g. . tyres to reduce static build up.

Bunding to contain spills Security features such as locks, alarms, and signage Facility to collect & dispose of spillages e. g. . spill kit Emergency lighting/appropriate EX rated electrical equipment e. g. . zone 2 rated lights Sprinkler systems/fire extinguishers Adequate access and egress e. g. . 2 points of entry/exit including ramp to facilitate drum handling Key safety features of building used to store highly flammables Roof lightweight and/or blast panels Mean of segregation of materials e. g. . low walls/dividers, cabinets High and low level ventilation Adequate distance from other buildings Building constructed of fire resistant materials Impermeable floor

Capacity of water required and adequacy of existing supply Design of pump system e. g. . diesel back up if electrical pump installed Provision required for testing and maintenance Means of activating system (fragile bulbs or detector activated Provision of water run off Provision of fire stopping water curtains to prevent fire spread, compartmentalisation Design factors to consider when providing a sprinkler system Linkage of system to alarms Spray pattern required Height of any storage racking and distance from sprinkler heads, possible protection from vehicle movements e. g. . FLT tines Area to be covered Presence of substances which react violently with water

Possible mechanisms of structural failure of building during storm • Adverse weather conditions exceeding designed wind loading capacity of structure • Excess weight on roof caused by rain water or snow • Weakening of steel structure by corrosion through roof leaks • Inoperation of rainwater drains • Alterations to structural members which have invalidated original design calculations • Subsidence or nearby tunnels/excavation leading to foundation instability • Vibration caused by traffic etc leading to structural fatigue • Inadequate design and/or construction of structure

Notification of HSE under CDM 2007 regs Identification of competent demolition contractors Site traffic management if required If building partially collapsed already devise method for demolishing to avoid premature collapse of the remainder PPE required for workers e. g. . hard hats, ear protections safety boots, protective clothing, eye protection etc Welfare facilities provision e. g. . toilets, wash and rest facility plus maybe lay down area for contaminated clothing H & S issues to be considered when planning demolition of building Protection of nearby buildings/business/properties Protection of public e. g. . barriers, signs, security Precautions to prevent people or objects falling e. g. . scaffolds, edge protection Control of noise Identification of hazardous materials, control of dust and safe removal of waste from site – use of licensed carrier etc Selection of and Inspection, maintenance of plant and equipment to be used Identification of buried and/or overhead services e. g. . power cables, gas pipelines

Factors that cause instability of mobile cranes and measures to be taken to reduce likelihood of overturning during operation Causes of instability • Incorrect selection of crane e. g. . SWL to low for lift • Incorrect sling of load • Unstable ground incapable of bearing weight of crane and load • Uneven/sloping ground • Obstructions being struck by crane of things striking crane e. g. . other plant of site • Exceeding SWL of crane of lift tackle • Inoperation of crane e. g. . incompetent, inexperienced operator, not using out riggers • Poor lift control by AP/banksman. • Unsuitable lifting plan • Mechanical failure • Adverse weather condition e. g. . wind • Lack of maintenance of crane e. g. . incorrect tyre pressures, rope not inspected etc. Measure taken to avoid • Conduct full assessment of lift required and surrounding areas including establishing the load bearing capacity of the ground that the crane will operate on • Define and implement sufficient lifting plan use of competent appointed person • Selection of appropriate crane for lift • Ensure that maintenance and testing of crane is adequate • Appoint competent person to supervise lift i. e. . appointed person, competent banksman • Engineering controls e. g. . ensure that outriggers are used and fully extended where appropriate, ensure that capacity indicator and alarms are functional • Ensure that the motion and performance limit device are in working condition • Behavioural controls such as competence and training of driver, slinger and banksman Last paper

Explore possibility of re-routing cables or making dead Consult with utilities supplier before taking any protective measures Warning signs and protection for public if necessary Supervision and hazard awareness training for workers e. g. . toolbox talk on hazard associated with cable and what measure need to be taken to avoid Precautions to be taken when working near an overhead electrical supply Identification of safe working distance i. e. 9 m if wooden or steel poles 15 m if pylons plus length of jib or boom if cranes/excavators are to be used Use of barriers, marking tape and bunting Safe systems of work to be defined and implemented Use of goal posts and/or tunnels Height restrictions on plant

Planning and assessment for development of electrical supply by a competent person Safe positioning of transformers e. g. . protection from plant/vehicle impact, barriers to prevent workers accessing area Use of competent persons for installation work of electrical supply Development of safe systems of work Precautions to ensure safe provision & use of electricity on construction site (feed taken from overhead lines) Routing, marking and protection for cables Use of protective devices e. g. . reduced low voltage systems (110), RCD’s and double insulated equipment Arrangements for testing and maintenance of portable equipment Arrangements for inspection and maintenance of the fixed supply to include earth bonding checks

Fatigue failure • Crack propagation from points of stress concentration (e. g. . groves, weak weld points), fluctuating stress final failure may be ductile or brittle • Factors contributing Buckling (Compressive force) • Buckling – yield of one side of structural member under axial compressive loading • Surface occlusions/damage Brittle failure • Choice of material • brittle fracture, no apparent plastic • Residual stress imposed through manufacture • Excessive/non uniform loading • Corrosion, temperature • Weakening due to removal of deformation takes place before fracture Factors which promote brittle fracture • Low temperature • Inherently brittle material (cast iron) • Impact or snatch loading (does not give material time to react • Factors contributing cross members • Measures to take to prevent • Use of out of true members e. g. . • Design spec appropriate scaffold tube at incorrect angle i. e. . not 90 under load • Quality assurance on manufacture • Excessive temperature • Assembled according to spec • Measures to be taken to prevent • Correct use – avoid misuse e. g. . over , loading • Design/material selection • Maintenance/testing NDT • Avoid overload work within spec • Temp control • Maintenance/testing NDT Component failure Ductile Failure (stretch) • Ductile failure in metals occur when the yield stress of the material has been exceeded by the material being placed in tension (stretched). The metal moves from it’s elastic region into it’s plastic region and loses its shape. There is a reduction in cross sectional area at failure point. The failure will appear as a ‘cone / cup’ at 45 degrees to the load along the grain boundaries • Factors contributing • High temperature Creep • Gradual yielding of material under stress close to elastic limit (undergoes plastic deformation • Factors contributing • Continuous loading • High temp e. g. . hot pressurised pipes, turbine blades • Over loading • Overloading • Design inappropriate • Design spec etc • Measures to be taken to prevent • Temp control • Selection/design of materials • Maintenance/testing • Operate within spec limits of equipment

Gamma radiography uses the transmission of gamma rays from a sealed ionising radiation source (isotope) through a test object onto a film placed on the opposite side. The film records the intensity of the radiation received and since cracks and flaws are hollow, a greater intensity of rays pass onto the film showing up defects as darker regions Advantages Permanent record produced. • Can be used to test most materials Gamma Radiography • Internal defects can be identified • Coupling with the surface of the test piece is not required Disadvantages • Poses a radiation exposure hazard to operators requiring specific SSOW to be implemented • Can be time consuming due to application to HSE each time test is required • Equipment can be bulking and difficult to move • Specialist operators are required and staff to interpret results • Results may take a long time to receive • Can be an expensive process to run

Sources of specific pollutants likely to be associated with a multi-fuel CHP power stations using either coal, oil or gas for burning under normal operations and foreseeable abnormal operations (located on river estuary taking deliveries by ship, road & pipeline) plant also has water treatment plant Normal operations • Emissions to air – Carbon monoxide & oxides of nitrogen from burning of fossil fuels – Sulphur dioxide/sulphur compounds when coal or oil is burned • Other pollutants – Soot & coal dust from incomplete combustion – Solid waste from coal & oil ash – Acid & alkali effluents from water treatment process – Emissions from vehicles delivering fuel to site same for ships Abnormal operations • Leaks – Oil storage tanks – Gas supply pipelines – Acid/Alkali storage tanks • Spillage of chemical from road tank accident • Oil slicks from ships during offloading or major disaster e. g. . sinking • Fire leading to fire water run off during fire fighting

Design of basket • Constructed for task intended • Not exceed the width of FLT • Toe boards/guard rails installed • SWL indicated on basket in either weight or no. of people possible to carry, not exceeding 50% of FLT SWL • Guards fitted to protect Trained and competent operator in basket, aware of hazards associated with use Competent FLT driver against moving parts of FLT e. g. . chain Factors to ensure safe use of FLT man basket Anchorage point in cage and harness fitted and connected to persons in basket Basket maintained and inspected at least every 6 months FLT to be parked on firm, level ground, brake applied, driver in truck Cage securely fixed to forks and truck not moved during activity Barriers positioned around work area preventing collision from other vehicles and protect others against falling objects from basket

A petrol storage tank in a bund containing three similar tanks is overfilled resulting in a large spillage of petrol into the bund. The petrol vapour exploded Design & construction measures to prevent such an incident • Adequate segregation between adjacent tanks • Separate bunds for each tank • Interlocked pumping system with high level alarms min double redundancy of alarms • Level detection • Vapour detection system fitted in bunds • Remote shut down system • Good earth bonding Measures to mitigate the effects • Fixed foam installations capable to spray the surface of pool in the bunded areas • Installation of foam monitors capable of reaching top of tanks • Radiation walls between tanks/bunds to prevent other tanks from being heated • Adequate supply of fire water • Installation of remote pumps to empty affected tanks • Easy route of access for fire fighters • Provision of drainage interceptors to minimise enviro affects of fire water run off • Regular draining and cleaning to remove rainwater from bunds • Provision of site based emergency response team.

Design Fixed guard Defined in BSENISO 12100 as a guard fixed in such a manner (e. g. . by screws, nuts, welding) that can only be removed or opened by the use of tools or destruction of the affixing means. It provides protection against mechanical hazards when infrequent or no access is required during normal operation of the machine. Acts as a fence between people and dangerous machinery parts • Material of construction sufficiently robust to withstand workplace rigours and contain any ejected materials Use • Should allow sight of process if required • Monitoring and supervision to • Method of fixing should require special tool to removed e. g. . torque bolts • SSOW fir carrying out • Ensure that any necessary openings provide enough distance from hazards to prevent harm • Guards reverberation exacerbating noise problems Fixed guards factors to consider in design and use to ensure people are adequately protected ensure guards are not removed/tampered with maintenance operations with guards removed • Guard check procedure to ensure guard is kept in maintained condition • Provision of information and training for operators and maintenance staff detailing the hazards associated with guard defeats and other SSOW

Fixed electrical systems faults (including corrosive atmospheres) & Information relating to system that electrician would need before conducting a survey of system Type of faults found in fixed electrical system (including systems in area with corrosive atmosphere • Poor earth bonding Information needed by electrician before conducting a survey • Type of equipment and its rating (operating voltage and current) • Damaged sockets and switchgear • IP classification (including measure of protect against ingress of water • Covers missing from junction boxes • Circuit diagrams and/manuals for the equipment • Incompetent workmanship and inadequate excess current protection • Details of any modifications made • Exposed conductors due to damaged insulation from corrosive • Earthing arrangements • Short circuits caused by ingress of fluids • Details on the operations of protective devices • Corrosion of system parts • Copies of previous inspection reports and repairs made/maintenance carried out • Unsuitability for use in wet & corrosive conditions • Means of isolations and location • Type and size of cables

Robots, implications for safety and how risk to personnel can be reduced when working with Features of industrial robots that may have particular implications for safety • Sudden, rapid or unexpected movements • Aberrant behaviours e. g. . robot moving outside normal operating parameters • Dropped loads or ejected materials people have to enter area to rectify • Software problems which are difficult to detect • Dangers associated with teaching robot e. g. . may require close work with robot moving • Dangers from work being carried out e. g. . spot welding, stored energy • Dangers arising from maintenance activities e. g. . working in area close, robot may continue working • Failure of perimeter sensors leading to robot collisions with people or other equipment Reducing risk to personnel working in vicinity or with robots • Conduction risk assessment to identify hazards associated with robots and those at risk, evaluate the risk and identify controls required to reduce the risk to an acceptable level (eliminate or reduce) • Restricting access by fixed fencing • Provision of interlock access point e. g. . pressure mats • Installation of light sensors e. g. . curtain or eye to detect motion and stop robot (automatic guarding) • Provision of mechanical restrains • Use of audible start up warning • Procedures for restarting after interruption • Emergency stop systems • Introduction of safe systems of work e. g. . isolation lock out tag out before maintenance activities commence • Training relevant people in hazards associated with robot and precaution necessary • Introduction of monitoring system including audit and the keeping of records of maintenance and defects • Maintenance program • Routine guard checking procedure

Robots, implications for safety and how risk to personnel can be reduced when working with Features of industrial robots that may have particular implications for safety • Sudden, rapid or unexpected movements • Aberrant behaviours e. g. . robot moving outside normal operating parameters • Dropped loads or ejected materials people have to enter area to rectify • Software problems which are difficult to detect • Dangers associated with teaching robot e. g. . may require close work with robot moving • Dangers from work being carried out e. g. . spot welding, stored energy • Dangers arising from maintenance activities e. g. . working in area close, robot may continue working • Failure of perimeter sensors leading to robot collisions with people or other equipment Reducing risk to personnel working in vicinity or with robots • Conduction risk assessment to identify hazards associated with robots and those at risk, evaluate the risk and identify controls required to reduce the risk to an acceptable level (eliminate or reduce) • Restricting access by fixed fencing • Provision of interlock access point e. g. . pressure mats • Installation of light sensors e. g. . curtain or eye to detect motion and stop robot (automatic guarding) • Provision of mechanical restrains • Use of audible start up warning • Procedures for restarting after interruption • Emergency stop systems • Introduction of safe systems of work e. g. . isolation lock out tag out before maintenance activities commence • Training relevant people in hazards associated with robot and precaution necessary • Introduction of monitoring system including audit and the keeping of records of maintenance and defects • Maintenance program • Routine guard checking procedure

Scaffolding, factors causing instability and principles of design and erection to ensure stability Factors that cause scaffolds to become unstable/collapse Principles of design and erection to ensure safe/stable scaffold • Scaffold not erected as per original design • In-competent scaffold designers/erectors • Ground constructed on not being of load bearing capacity • Scaffold foundation being undermined by surface water or site works e. g. . excavation • Incorrect use of fittings and/or use of damaged fittings • Standards were out of plumb or bent • Unauthorised/malicious alterations by incompetent people • Overloading of scaffold e. g. . material storage • Impact e. g. . load suspended by crane/hit by plant vehicle • Severe weather e. g. . excessive wind loading • Use of competent persons • Designed to withstand required loading • Constructed of sound materials & fittings • Setting standards on base plates • Ensure joints are staggered • Fitting of longitudinal & diagonal bracing • Ledger braces at every other pair of standards • Vertical & horizontal ties no more than 8. 5 m apart and replaced by temporary ties if required to remove • Scaffold erected in position where traffic/plant impact likely barriers should be erected (protection) • Ground erected on to have suitable load bearing capacity • Inspections carried out at regular intervals i. e. . not exceeding 7 days and after change in conditions e. g. . adverse weather conditions, after alterations etc. • Do not load beyond design capacity

Pressure system • Is a system comprising one or more pressure vessels of rigid construction and any associated pipe work and protective devices • Pipe work with its protective devices to which a transportable gas container maybe connected • Pipeline and its protective devices which is Siting of equipment to ensure protection from vehicles liable to contain a relevant fluid. i. e. . steam, gas at a pressure greater than 0. 5 bar above atmospheric pressure when at a temp of 17. 5 c or a gas dissolved in solvent at ambient temp which could be released from the solvent without the application of heat Provision of information and training for operators including safety feature, limits and correct operation of system Separation from flammable atmospheres Pressure system safety requirements to be met before commissioning Competent person to undertake a pre commissioning check Protection of public from emission of noise System design issues • Adherence to standards • Capacity • Materials of construction • Layout features • Fitting of pressure gauges, warning systems • Relief valves and drain lines Establish maintenance and inspection procedures and written scheme of examination defines • Marking of safety related info e. g. . safe working pressure • Suitable guarding • Certificate of conformity and CE marked

Trackers stability - will apply for most wheeled plant equipment Factors that cause tractors to overturn • Angle of slope operated on too great • Direction of travel on gradients • Uneven or soft ground • Speed of corner • Condition and pressure of tyres • Effects of trailers and other attachments • Power take of seizure • Competence of driver Minimising risk • Restriction of use on steep gradients • Operator training and awareness • Correctly maintained tyres and pressure • Fitting of wider tyres/additional wheels • Fitting of counter balance weights • Regular maintenance • Power take of fitted with shearing pins Limit effects of over turning • Fitting and use of seat belt • Roll over protection e. g. . cage protections

Computer Numeric control systems (CNC) fitted to lathe Additional risks • Increase in operation speed • Increase in noise • Possible unexpected movements • Errors in programming and software • Risk from teaching • Risk from operator unfamiliarity Minimising risk • Risk assessment • Fitting of fixed or interlocked guards to prevent access during automatic cycle • Provision of manual operation for setting and cleaning operations e. g. . hold to run system • Relocation of controls out of danger zone • Additional training for operators and maintenance staff • Updating of the instruction manual for use, cleaning and maintaining the machine • Conduct regular testing of the software

Conduct desk top survey (feasibility study) involving residents look at • Historical records • Weather patterns • Links with wind direction • Identification of potential other dust sources in area Check plant for obvious faults and conduct continuous monitoring (background) Consult and liaise with local authorities/EA Conduct analysis of dust collected from village to establish if it matches that produced from plant Investigation into dust allegation from local village that dust is from plant you work in Check supervisor reports over period of alleged fall out for abnormalities in process/ check maintenance logs for break down e. g. . LEV systems

Confined e. g. . in a tank/vessel or unconfined e. g. . petrol release vapour cloud travelling Presence of flammable vapour at concentration between LEL & UEL Examples of VCE • Flixborough 74 • Grangemouth Ignition source that exceeds the minimum ignition energy required • Buncefield Principle & Effect of Vapour cloud explosion Effects of VCE • Vessel or containment rupture resulting in rapid release of liquefied gas • Projectile materials • Overpressure • Thermal effects Effects of explosions UCVCE • Overpressure • Thermal effects • Emission of debris • People and property damaged due to pressure wave and thermal radiation Unconfined vapour clouds can travel considerable distance before igniting (find ignition source) or may be dispersed to a concentration below LEL depending on conditions e. g. . wind speeds, atmospheric pressure