Through- translation Tahmina Shakirova Regina Abdyldaeva
Through-translation in linguistics, through-translation or a calque /ˈkælk/ or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. the verb calquer means "to trace; to copy, to imitate closely For example, when you take a phrase in French and then literally translate root-for-root or word-for-word into English, that’s through-translation.
Through-translation It is difficult sometimes to prove that a particular word is a calque. This often requires a lot of documentation compared to an untranslated term because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to happen when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language or when the calque contains less obvious imagery
Through-translation You often see them in specialized or internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité taken from English). Examples that have been absorbed into English include standpoint and beer garden from German Standpunkt and Biergarten; breakfast from French déjeuner (which now means lunch in Europe, but maintains the same meaning of breakfast in Québec).
Through-translation Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language (such as standpoint, beer garden and breakfast and Spanish peso mosca and Casa Blanca from English flyweight and White House). The meaning other calques can be rather obscure for most people, especially when they relate to specific vocations or subjects such as science and law
One system classifies calques into five groups • the phraseological calque, with idiomatic phrases being translated word-for-word. • the syntactical calque, with syntactical functions or constructions of the source language being imitated in the target language. • the loan-translation, with words being translated morpheme-bymorpheme or component-by-component into another language. • the semantic calque, with additional meanings of the source word being transferred to the word with the same primary meaning in the target language. That is also called a "semantic loan". • the morphological calque, with the inflection of a word being transferred.
Trough- translatiom Examples: 1. the phraseological calque, with idiomatic phrases being translated word-for-word. phraseological calque: "flea market“ the common English phrase "flea market" is a phraseological calque of the French "marché aux puces" ("market with fleas"). [6] Other national variations include: Turkish: bit pazarı Russian: блошиный рынок Danish: loppemarked Spanish: mercado de pulgas Danish loppemarked Dutch: vlooienmarkt Finnish: kirpputori German: Flohmarkt
Through-translatiom Semantic calque: mouse The computer mouse was named in English for its resemblance to the animal. Many other languages have extended their own native word for "mouse" to include the computer mouse. Portuguese: rato Russian: мышь (mysh') Spanish: ratón Swahili: kipanya Swedish: mus Turkish: fare Vietnamese: chuột
Through-translation Loan translation: "skyscraper" An example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation in a multitude of languages is that of the English word skyscraper: Turkish: gökdelen ("sky-piercer") Hindi: गगनचब ' (gagan-chumbi, "sky-kisser") Afrikaans: wolkekrabber ("clouds-scraper") Ukrainian: хмарочос (hmaročos, "cloud-scratcher") The Germanic languages and some Slavic languages calqued their words for "translation" from the above Latin word, translatio, substituting their respective Germanic or Slavic root words for the Latin roots.
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