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Þorskastríðin The Cod Wars Þorskastríðin The Cod Wars

Salient Characteristics of the Cod Wars • Asymmetric War – large vs. small state Salient Characteristics of the Cod Wars • Asymmetric War – large vs. small state • NATO Alliance Partners – Iceland vs. UK • Most major international bodies involved • Resource War – heart of Iceland’s economy • Significant changes to Law of the Sea

The ‘Saga’ of Iceland • Geography • History • Fish • Independence The ‘Saga’ of Iceland • Geography • History • Fish • Independence

Eyjafjalljökull Eyjafjalljökull

Alþing Assembly at Þingvellir Alþing Assembly at Þingvellir

Ravages of nature Ravages of nature

The “Blessed War” The “Blessed War”

Iceland’s Fishing grounds Iceland’s Fishing grounds

Cod Fishing areas Cod Fishing areas

Icelandic fisherman ca. 1925 Icelandic fisherman ca. 1925

‘Processing’ a fish catch (1900 s-1980 s) ‘Processing’ a fish catch (1900 s-1980 s)

Iceland’s “military” Unarmed Cost Guard ships Iceland’s “military” Unarmed Cost Guard ships

Iceland’s Independence Þingvellir, June 17, 1944 Iceland’s Independence Þingvellir, June 17, 1944

Iceland Joins NATO, 1949 Iceland Joins NATO, 1949

Iceland’s Political Divide • Sjalfstæðisflokkurinn – Independence Party – pro-West • Alþyðabandulagið – Peoples´Alliance Iceland’s Political Divide • Sjalfstæðisflokkurinn – Independence Party – pro-West • Alþyðabandulagið – Peoples´Alliance - pro-Moscow

The United Kingdom “Their Finest Hour” The United Kingdom “Their Finest Hour”

Rationing in UK Until 1951 Rationing in UK Until 1951

Grimsby and Hull, England Grimsby and Hull, England

The Struggle Begins The Emergence of Newly Independent States after World War II The Struggle Begins The Emergence of Newly Independent States after World War II

Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case – ICJ 1951 Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case – ICJ 1951

UK and France back Israel in Suez Crisis, 1956 UK and France back Israel in Suez Crisis, 1956

UK Rebuffed by US at the UN UK Rebuffed by US at the UN

Iceland’s Strategic Location in NATO Defense Plans Iceland’s Strategic Location in NATO Defense Plans

British trawler in waters off Iceland British trawler in waters off Iceland

First Cod War 1958 -61 Trawler Coventry City and ICGV Albert First Cod War 1958 -61 Trawler Coventry City and ICGV Albert

Second Cod War 1972 -73 ramming Second Cod War 1972 -73 ramming

Second Cod War 1972 -73 Iceland’s Trawl-wire cutters Second Cod War 1972 -73 Iceland’s Trawl-wire cutters

UNCLOS III Caracas, 1974 UNCLOS III Caracas, 1974

Guðmundar H. Kjærnested skipherra Hero of the Cod Wars Guðmundar H. Kjærnested skipherra Hero of the Cod Wars

Third Cod War 1975 -76 Icelandic Coast Guard vs. Royal Navy Third Cod War 1975 -76 Icelandic Coast Guard vs. Royal Navy

Third Cod War HMS Leander closing in on ICGV Þór January 1976 Third Cod War HMS Leander closing in on ICGV Þór January 1976

UNCLOS III, 1976 UNCLOS III, 1976

Public Relations Helgi Águstsson in 3 rd Cod War • Preferred ‘expert’ in BBC Public Relations Helgi Águstsson in 3 rd Cod War • Preferred ‘expert’ in BBC coverage • Debates MP from Grimsby on radio • ‘Carte blanche’ to answer media inquiries

The Outcome of the Three Cod Wars Expansion of Iceland’s Fishing Rights 4 NM The Outcome of the Three Cod Wars Expansion of Iceland’s Fishing Rights 4 NM to 12 NM to 50 NM to 200 NM

Norway Fisheries Today Norway Fisheries Today

International Maritime Boundaries Today International Maritime Boundaries Today

Guðni Th. Johannesson’s Taxonomy • Pressure • Prestige • Principle • Precedents • Power Guðni Th. Johannesson’s Taxonomy • Pressure • Prestige • Principle • Precedents • Power

UK Iceland pressure Major market for Iceland´s fish Strategic position in NATO prestige Britannia UK Iceland pressure Major market for Iceland´s fish Strategic position in NATO prestige Britannia Rules the Waves underdog principle Freedom of the seas Sovereignty precedents Agreements with Danish kings ICJ ruling in 1951 power UN Security Council ´special relationship´ World opinion

Cod Wars: the Board Game Cod Wars: the Board Game

“And this, just in…” “And this, just in…”