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THIRD EDITION UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM CHALLENGES, PERSPECTIVES, AND ISSUES THIRD EDITION UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM CHALLENGES, PERSPECTIVES, AND ISSUES

Part I Terrorism A Conceptual Review Part I Terrorism A Conceptual Review

Chapter 3 Beginnings The Causes of Terrorism Chapter 3 Beginnings The Causes of Terrorism

Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice Sociological Explanations of Terrorism Psychological Explanations of Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice Sociological Explanations of Terrorism Psychological Explanations of Terrorism

Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice (continued) Sociological Explanations of Terrorism Intergroup conflict Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice (continued) Sociological Explanations of Terrorism Intergroup conflict that leads to collective violence. Structural theory: Social conditions (‘structures”) that affect group access to societal benefits. Deprivation theory: Relative deprivation and absolute deprivation. Cases: Leila Khaled and Abu Nidal

Sociological Explanations of Terrorism Sociological Explanations of Terrorism

Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice (continued) Psychological Explanations of Terrorism Individual-level explanations. Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice (continued) Psychological Explanations of Terrorism Individual-level explanations. Group-level explanations. Generalized psychological explanations. Case: The Stockholm Syndrome.

Political Violence as Strategic Choice Acts of Political Will Adversaries in the War on Political Violence as Strategic Choice Acts of Political Will Adversaries in the War on Terrorism

Political Violence as Strategic Choice (continued) Acts of Political Will A rational strategic choice Political Violence as Strategic Choice (continued) Acts of Political Will A rational strategic choice to force change. Terrorism as a tool to achieve a desired goal. Case: Mao Zedong and “people’s war. ”

Political Violence as Strategic Choice (continued) Adversaries in the War on Terrorism Perceptions. Western: Political Violence as Strategic Choice (continued) Adversaries in the War on Terrorism Perceptions. Western: A war against Western-style civilization. Non-Western: An imbalance in policies toward Muslim countries vis-à-vis Israel. Concept: The behavior of the West is the cause of angry sentiment in the Muslim world. Case: CIA’s 2007 National Intelligence Estimate warning Iraq is a new training ground for terrorists.

The Morality of Political Violence Moral Convictions of Terrorists Simplified Good and Evil Seeking The Morality of Political Violence Moral Convictions of Terrorists Simplified Good and Evil Seeking Utopia Codes of Self-Sacrifice

The Morality of Political Violence (continued Moral Convictions of Terrorists have an unambiguous certainty The Morality of Political Violence (continued Moral Convictions of Terrorists have an unambiguous certainty in the righteousness of a cause. Concepts: A group concludes it has been morally wronged by an immoral, evil enemy. A group concludes it possesses an inherent moral superiority to an enemy.

The Morality of Political Violence (continued Simplified Good and Evil A clear line is The Morality of Political Violence (continued Simplified Good and Evil A clear line is drawn between good and evil. Violent methods are justified by the ennobled goals of the cause. Seeking Utopia The promised good outweighs present actions. “The end justifies the means. ”

The Morality of Political Violence (continued Codes of Self-Sacrifice Superior codes of living that The Morality of Political Violence (continued Codes of Self-Sacrifice Superior codes of living that “cleanse” those who follow the code. Case: Germany’s Waffen SS. Case: Japan’s code of Bushido.