Thinking about Words 1 The Vocabulary Pyramid

Thinking about Words 1

The Vocabulary Pyramid Word (Lubliner & Scott, 2008) Problem Solving Word Consciousness Wide Reading & Read Alouds Rich Oral Language 2

Consider… n Words are the building blocks of communication… 3

Learning New Words 1) to understand them when we are listening and reading (receptive vocabulary) and 2) to be able to use them when we are talking and writing (productive vocabulary). 4

Such as… Words tied to specific content: molecular, settlers, ecosystems, hypotenuse or Words that add richness and depth to writing: despicable, vacillate, translucent, grim 5

Dolch Word List • The Dolch Word List is a list of frequently used words compiled by Edward William Dolch, Ph. D. The list was originally published in his book Problems in Reading in 1948. 6

Dolch Word List a all am an and are at big blue call can come do down funny go good he help here I in is it jump like little as away be black brown by came did eat fall find for get going have her him his if into laugh let live may my no old again ate over but cold cut fast first five fly four give goes from got green had has hot its long made many new not of open about after always around ask because been before best buy does far found full gave grow hold how just keep kind much must now off once only any better both bring carry clean could done don’t draw drink eight every hurt know light myself never own pick right seven shall show their them then look make me out play on one put saw said please or our pull read round sleep small take tell there these think those together pretty ran red ride run see so the to up we you she sit some stop three today two was will work yes yellow start say sing six soon ten upon us who why wish your thank that they this too try under walk well were white with use very want warm wash went what when where which would write 7

What are these? 8

What are these? 9

What are these? 10

What are these? 11

What are these? 12

hyponyms antonyms acronyms pseudo-synonyms, or false synonyms neologisms phraseologism hypernyms UNDERSTANDING WORDS quasi-synonyms, or near-synonyms Crossreferences collocation polysemy single-concept principle tautonyms synonyms abbreviations monosemy 13

Hyponym n a word or phrase whose semantic range is included within that of another word. For example, ¡ ¡ n scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of red, which is, in turn, a hyponym of colour. 14

Antonym n are words that lie in an inherently incompatible binary relationship as in the opposite pairs ¡ ¡ male : female, long : short, up : down, and precede : follow. 15

Acronym n abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name. For example, ¡ ¡ ¡ M. P. S. Q. L. U. F. O. S. C. U. B. A. L. A. S. E. R. 16

Pseudo-Synonym n a term incorrectly used for a given concept as a result of misunderstanding correct usage, confusion between a generic and a specific, etc. For example: ¡ Y 2 K virus instead of Y 2 K bug. 17

Single-Concept Principle n a term should deal with one concept only, this means that there is no ambiguity. 18

Neologism n is a word that, although devised relatively recently in a specific time period, has been accepted into a mainstream language. The term "neologism" was coined in 1803. ¡ ¡ ¡ prequel (1958) Internet (1974) “jumping the shark” (late 1970 s) "d'oh"(1989–) blog (late 1990 s) chav (early 2000 s) 19

Quasi-Synonym n a term that designates the same concept as another, but which is not interchangeable with the other term in all contexts as its use is limited to certain communication situations. 20

Cross-Reference n is an instance within a document which refers to related or synonymous information elsewhere, usually within the same work. 21

Monosemy n having a single meaning (absence of ambiguity) usually of individual words or phrases. For example, ¡ Clarity 22

Abbreviation n a shortened form of a word or phrase. For example, ¡ ¡ ¡ n Interpol for International police chute for parachute phone for telephone should be distinguished from portmanteau words (a word formed by blending sounds from two or more distinct words and combining their meanings e. g. Brunch, Wikipedia, Billary) 23

Synonym n different words with identical or at least similar meanings. ¡ ¡ ¡ baby and infant (noun) student and pupil (noun) sick and ill (adjective) quickly and speedily (adverb) freedom and liberty (noun) 24

Tautonym n a taxonomic designation, in which the genus and species names are the same, commonly used in zoology but no longer in botany. For example, ¡ ¡ Gazella gazella Gorilla gorilla Rattus rattus Vulpes vulpes 25

Polysemy n is a word or phrase with multiple, related meanings. ¡ ¡ n The house is at the foot of the mountains One of his shoes felt too tight for his foot 'Foot' here refers to the bottom part of the mountains in the first sentence and the bottom part of the leg in the second. 26

Collocation n a sequence of words or terms which co -occur more often than would be expected by chance. For example, ¡ ¡ 'bank' are: central, river, account, manager, merchant, money, deposits, lending, society. High collocates with probability, but not with chance: a high probability but a good chance 27

Hypernym n a word, usually somewhat vague and broad in meaning, that other more specific words fall under or are fairly encompassed by. For example, ¡ vehicle denotes all the things that are separately denoted by the words train, chariot, dogsled, airplane, and automobile 28

Phraseologism n a term together with a word or words with which the term commonly occurs in specialized discourse. For example, ¡ ¡ “kicking the bucket” “as white as a sheet” 29

Searching the Web 30

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hyponyms antonyms acronyms pseudo-synonyms, or false synonyms neologisms phraseologism hypernyms PROBLEMS WITH USING A SEARCH ENGINE AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION quasi-synonyms, or near-synonyms Crossreferences collocation polysemy single-concept principle tautonyms synonyms abbreviations monosemy 37

Finding Research online n n Effective Searching Let us consider searching for information relating to 'Project-Based Learning' The Hyphen The first thing to note is the hyphen between the words 'Project' and 'Based', will every web-page relating to this subject have the hyphen in it, or will some just leave it out. If you just leave it out the search engines will find the phrase with or without the hyphen. 38

Finding Research online n So the first search to try is ¡ n if this returns 10, 000 links then try ¡ ¡ ¡ n "Project Based Learning" "Ph. D Thesis" "Project Based Learning" "Masters Thesis“ “Project Based Learning” “Masters Thesis” Declaration this may return Ph. D or Masters thesis on the subject you require information on. 39

Finding Research online n To find other 'good' pages relating to your subject matter, try ¡ "Project Based Learning Link*" n ¡ "Project Based Learning Portal*" n ¡ for "PBL Portal" or "PBL Portal Page" "Project Based Learning Webring*" n ¡ for "PBL Links" or "PBL Link Page" for "PBL Webring" or "PBL Webrings" "Project Based Learning FAQ*" n for "PBL FAQ"or "PBL FAQs" or "PBL FAQL"or "PBL FAQLs" 40

Finding Research online n If you are looking for papers relating to "Project Based Learning", try ¡ ¡ ¡ n "Project Based Learning" Bibliography "Project Based Learning" Literature Review "Project Based Learning" Literature Survey "Project Based Learning" Overview "Project Based Learning" “A Roadmap” Unlike the previous section where we were looking for 'good' pages and put the entire phrase in double quotes, in this section we are only putting the subject matter we are investigating in quotes and the rest of the terms are free text, in this way we can find pages which may not be titled, for example, "Project Based Learning Bibliography", but may be a bibliography which contain references to Project Based 41 Learning.

Finding Research online n If you are looking for a more specific topic, for example, "The Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning", try ¡ ¡ ¡ "Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning" (unlikely) "Project Based Learning" overview web "Project Based Learning" survey web "Project Based Learning" review web "Project Based Learning" assessment web 42

Finding Research online n n n n Also consider web-sites which will be using the acronym for "Project Based Learning" so try "PBL" "P. B. L. " Consider the acronym for "Virtual Learning Environments", it could be "VLE"or "VLEs"or "V. L. Es", so try "VLE*" "V. L. E*" 43