Theory of Phonetics By ICC-1
Speech Sounds ≠ Phonemes Speech sounds: concrete individual Phonemes: abstract general do not have meaning
"Semiological relevance" - the ability to distinguish between meanings.
Definitions of phonemes Two or more sounds, the differences between which are semiologically relevant and not conditioned by position alone (Davidov, 1967, p. 4) Speech sounds with functional properties used to distinguish the meaning and the form of words (Leontyeva, 1980, p. 49)
![See the difference English: allophone Russian: phoneme (compare [л]/[л’] in мел/мель)](https://present5.com/presentation/7837580_133045420/image-5.jpg "See the difference English: allophone Russian: phoneme (compare [л]/[л’] in мел/мель)")
See the difference English: allophone Russian: phoneme (compare [л]/[л’] in мел/мель)
Methods of discovering phonemes Phonemes of a language are discovered by the method communication or substitution. The aim is to find “minimal pairs”. Both separate speech sounds and sound systems have undergone considerable changes and are still developing. It is possible to reconstruct relative values of sounds constituting a system at particular moment in history and concrete ways of sound development.
Methods of Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Direct observation Using sound recording Method of theoretical hypothesis Using latin as evidence Rhyming words Grammar books
Phoneme - a fundamental unit of phonology - all spoken languages can be divided into a set of sound units (or phonemes) and each language has its own fixed set of these phonemes e. g. plosive phonemes ( /t d k ɡ b p/) and voiceless fricatives (/f s h θ ʃ/) Phoneme theory - all phonemes are contrastive and we must find cases where the difference between two words is depended on the difference between phonemes (pin/pan/pen). Words, that differ in one phoneme are called Minimal pairs - they differ in only one phonological element
Relevant Features of Phonemes Phoneme /p/ Negative definition: It’s not /t/, /k/ or /s/. Positive definition of a phonetic type: Fortis and voiceless (compared with lenis, voiced sounds as /b/ or /p/); Bilabial (compared with the places of articulation of such sounds as /t/ or /k/); Oral (compared with “m” o “n”): a stop or plosive (compared with /l/, /r/ or /f/) The /p/ phoneme in English system: fortis, voiceless, bilabial, oral stop. In some cases the phoneme /p/ may be also a labio-dental stop as in case with a “cup-full” (in that case it would be labial instead of bilabial).
Diversity of Phonemic Solutions It is frequently possible to make several different statements of the phonemic structure of a language, all of which may be equally valid from a logical standpoint. The solution chosen will be the one which is most convenient as regards the use to which the phonemic analysis is to be put. One solution may be appropriate when it is a question of teaching a language to a particular group of foreigners Another – if it a question of using the phonemic analysis as a basis for an orthography
Redundancy – The efficiency of sound system of spoken language doesn’t depend on perfect production or reception of speech. Context defines the main idea expressed. “We saw lions and tigers” (lairs) “These men are working” In English language after the sound [∂] we expect a vowel. Some of them are more likely than the others. Rhythmic pattern of a word may contribute to recognition, e. g. beome.
Complete description of a language Phonology* – the concrete phonetic characteristics of the sounds used in the language, their behavior and possibilities Lexis*– the total number of word forms which exist Grammar – the system of rules governing the structure of phrases, clauses and sentences consisting of words contained in the lexicon Semantics – the relation of meaning to the signs and symbols of a language * here, it is also necessary to study the structure of words - morphemics
Thank you for your attention!
Скачать презентацию Theory of Phonetics By ICC-1 Speech Sounds
Theory of Phonetics_Pre-release.pptx