Theodore Roosevelt on horseback in the Dakota Territory

Theodore Roosevelt on horseback in the Dakota Territory in the 1880's, when he had moved west to live as a cattle rancher. (Library of Congress. )

Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life POINT 1: DO NOT LIVE A LIFE OF IDELNESS; A STRENUOUS LIFE IS MUCH MORE REWARDING AND NOBLE. • I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger, from hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out of these wins the splendid ultimate triumph. • We do not admire the man of timid peace. We admire the man who embodies victorious effort; the man who never wrongs his neighbor, who is prompt to help a friend, but who has those virile qualities necessary to win in the stern strife of actual life. • A mere life of ease is not in the end a very satisfactory life, and, above all, it is a life which ultimately unfits those who follow it for serious work in the world. • The man must be glad to do a man's work, to dare and endure and to labor; to keep himself, and those dependent on him. The woman must be the housewife, the helpmeet of the homemaker, the wise and fearless mother of many healthy children.

POINT 2: ONLY THROUGH STRIFE AND STRENUOUS AND DARING EFFORT WILL WE ACHIEVE NATIONAL GREATNESS. • …it is only through strife, through hard and dangerous endeavor, that we shall ultimately win the goal of true national greatness.

Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life POINT 3: WEAKNESS IS THE GREATEST OF CRIMES. OUR NATION HAS A RESPONSIBILTY TO BRING THE HALF-CAST NATIONS OF THE WORLD GOOD GOVERNMENT. IF WE DO THIS WE WILL BE GREAT, AND IF WE DO NOT WE WILL CEDE THE OPPORTUNITY TO “BOLDER AND STRONGER PEOPLES. ” • We cannot, if we would, play the part of China, and be content to rot by inches in ignoble ease within our borders, taking no interest in what goes on beyond them, sunk in scrambling commercialism; heedless of higher life, the life of aspiration, of toil and risk, busying ourselves only with the wants of our bodies for the day, until suddenly we should find, beyond a shadow of question, what China has already found, that in this world the nation that has trained itself into a career of unwarlike and isolated ease is bound, in the end, to go down before other nations which have not lost the manly and adventurous qualities. If we are to be a really great people, we must strive in good faith to play a great part in the world. • The guns that thundered off Manila and Santiago left us echoes of glory, but they also left us a legacy of duty. If we drove out a mediaeval tyranny only to make room for savage anarchy, we had better not begun the task at all. It is worse than idle to say that we have no duty to perform, and can leave to their fates the islands we have conquered. Such a course would be a course of infamy. It would be followed at once by utter chaos in the wretched islands themselves. Some stronger, manlier power would have to step in and do the work, and we would have shown ourselves weaklings, unable to carry to successful completion the labors that great and highspirited nations are eager to undertake.

Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life POINT 3 (CONTINUED): WEAKNESS IS THE GREATEST OF CRIMES. OUR NATION HAS A RESPONSIBILTY TO BRING THE HALFCAST NATIONS OF THE WORLD GOOD GOVERNMENT. IF WE DO THIS WE WILL BE GREAT, AND IF WE DO NOT WE WILL CEDE THE OPPORTUNITY TO “BOLDER AND STRONGER PEOPLES. ” • The Philippines offer a yet graver problem. Their population includes halfcaste and native Christians, warlike Moslems, and wild pagans. Many of their people are utterly unfit for self-government and show no signs of becoming fit. • Resistance [in the Philippines] must be stamped out. The first and allimportant work to be done is to establish the supremacy of our flag. We must put down armed resistance before we can accomplish anything else, and there should be no parleying, no faltering, in dealing with our foe. As for those in our own country who encourage the foe, we can afford contemptuously to disregard them; but it must be remembered that their utterances are not saved from being treasonable merely by the fact that they are despicable. • [We must send out there only good and able men. . [They] must show the utmost tact and firmness, remembering that, we such people as those with whom we are to deal, weakness is the greatest of crimes, and that next to weakness comes lace of consideration for their principles and prejudices.

A history of U. S. intervention in Latin America by each of the major occurrences: 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares Latin America to be in the United States' "sphere of influence. " 1846: The U. S. causes war with Mexico and acquires half of its territory, including Texas and California. 1855: U. S. adventurer William Walker invades Nicaragua with a private army, declares himself president, and rules for 2 years. 1898: The U. S. declares war on Spain beginning the Spanish-American War, and as a result it gets Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Hawaii. 1901: With the Platt Amendment, the U. S. declares its rights to intervene in Cuban affairs. 1903: The U. S. encourages Panama's independence from Colombia in order to acquire the Panama Canal rights. 1905: The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declares the U. S. to be the policeman of the Caribbean; the Dominican Republic is placed under a customs receivership. 1912: U. S. Marines invade Nicaragua and occupy the country almost continuously until 1933. 1914: Mexican refusal to salute the U. S. flag provokes the shelling of Veracruz by a U. S. battleship and the capture of parts of the city by U. S. Marines. 1933: U. S. Marines finally leave Nicaragua, but are replaced by a well-trained and well-armed National Guard under the control of Anastasio Somoza. 1954: The CIA engineers the overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Guatemala; 30 years of military dictatorship, repression, and violence follow. 1961: The U. S. attempts to overthrow the revolutionary Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs. 1965: Johnson sends 22, 000 troops to the Dominican Republic to combat the constitutional forces trying to regain power. 1973: The CIA helps overthrow the democratic government of Allende in Chile in favor of a bloody dictatorship. 1981: The Reagan Administration begins the war against Nicaragua. 1983: The U. S. invades Grenada to take over a popular government. 1989: The U. S. invades Panama to arrest accused drug dealer Manual Noriega. 1990: The U. S. intervenes in the Nicaraguan election process through covert and overt means.

U. S. Intervention in the Middle East 1947 -48: U. S. backs Palestine partition plan. Israel established. U. S. declines to press Israel to allow expelled Palestinians to return. 1949: CIA backs military coup deposing elected government of Syria. 1953: CIA helps overthrow the democratically‑elected Mossadeq government in Iran (which had nationalized the British oil company) leading to a quarter‑century of repressive and dictatorial rule by the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. 1956: U. S. cuts off promised funding for Aswan Dam in Egypt after Egypt receives Eastern bloc arms. 1956: Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt. U. S. does not support invasion, but the involvement of its NATO allies severely diminishes Washington's reputation in the region. 1958: U. S. troops land in Lebanon to preserve "stability". early 1960 s: U. S. unsuccessfully attempts assassination of Iraqi leader, Abdul Karim Qassim. 1963: U. S. supports coup by Iraqi Ba'ath party (soon to be headed by Saddam Hussein) and reportedly gives them names of communists to murder, which they do with vigor. 1967‑: U. S. blocks any effort in the Security Council to enforce SC Resolution 242, calling for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in the 1967 war. 1970: Civil war between Jordan and PLO. Israel and U. S. discuss intervening on side of Jordan if Syria backs PLO. 1972: U. S. blocks Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat's efforts to reach a peace agreement with Israel. 1973: Airlifted U. S. military aid enables Israel to turn the tide in war with Syria and Egypt. 1973‑ 75: U. S. supports Kurdish rebels in Iraq. When Iran reaches an agreement with Iraq in 1975 and seals the border, Iraq slaughters Kurds and U. S. denies them refuge. Kissinger secretly explains that "covert action should not be confused with missionary work. " 1975: U. S. vetoes Security Council resolution condemning Israeli attacks on Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon. 5 1978‑ 79: Iranians begin demonstrations against the Shah. U. S. tells Shah it supports him "without reservation" and urges him to act forcefully. Until the last minute, U. S. tries to organize military coup to save the Shah, but to no avail. 6 1979‑ 88: U. S. begins covert aid to Mujahideen in Afghanistan six months before Soviet invasion in Dec. 1979. 7 Over the next decade U. S. provides training and more than $3 billion in arms and aid. 1980‑ 88: Iran‑Iraq war. When Iraq invades Iran, the U. S. opposes any Security Council action to condemn the invasion. U. S. soon removes Iraq from its list of nations supporting terrorism and allows U. S. arms to be transferred to Iraq. At the same time, U. S. lets Israel provide arms to Iran and in 1985 U. S. provides arms directly (though secretly) to Iran. U. S. provides intelligence information to Iraq uses chemical weapons in 1984; U. S. restores diplomatic relations with Iraq. 1987 U. S. sends its navy into the Persian Gulf, taking Iraq's side; an overly‑aggressive U. S. ship shoots down an Iranian civilian airliner, killing 290. 1981, 1986: U. S. holds military maneuvers off the coast of Libya in waters claimed by Libya with the clear purpose of provoking Qaddafi. In 1981, a Libyan plane fires a missile and U. S. shoots down two Libyan planes. In 1986, Libya fires missiles that land far from any target and U. S. attacks Libyan patrol boats, killing 72, and shore installations. When a bomb goes off in a Berlin nightclub, killing three, the U. S. charges that Qaddafi was behind it (possibly true) and conducts major bombing raids in Libya, killing dozens of civilians, including Qaddafi's adopted daughter. 8 1982: U. S. gives "green light" to Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 9 killing some 17 thousand civilians. 10 U. S. chooses not to invoke its laws prohibiting Israeli use of U. S. weapons except in self‑defense. U. S. vetoes several Security Council resolutions condemning the invasion. 1983: U. S. troops sent to Lebanon as part of a multinational peacekeeping force; intervene on one side of a civil war, including bombardment by USS New Jersey. Withdraw after suicide bombing of marine barracks. 1984: U. S. ‑backed rebels in Afghanistan fire on civilian airliner. 11 1987 -92: U. S. arms used by Israel to repress first Palestinian Intifada. U. S. vetoes five Security Council resolution condemning Israeli repression. 1988: Saddam Hussein kills many thousands of his own Kurdish population and uses chemical weapons against them. The U. S.

The English philosopher Herbert Spencer relied on theories of evolution to explain differences between the strong and the weak: successful individuals and races had competed better in the natural world and consequently evolved to higher states than did other less fit peoples. On the basis of this reasoning, Spencer and others justified the domination of European imperialists over subject peoples as the inevitable result of natural scientific principles. (B & Z, p. 960. ) Herbert Spencer (1820 -1903)

The first step towards lightening the White Man’s Burden is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness. Pears’ Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, while amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place-it is the ideal toilet soap.

José Martí

The U. S. S. Maine Teddy Roosevelt’s charge up San Juan Hill

Steam shovels digging the Panama Canal In 1878 Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer who built the Suez Canal, began to dig a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, which was then part of Colombia. Tropical disease and engineering problems halted construction on the canal, but a French business (the New Panama Canal Company) still held the rights to the project. Roosevelt agreed to pay $40 million for the rights, and he began to negotiate with Colombia for control of the land. He offered $10 million for a fifty-mile strip across the isthmus. Colombia refused. "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits, " Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to. . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon. " Teddy was right. The chief engineer of the New Panama Canal Company organized a local revolt. Roosevelt immediately sent the battleship Nashville and a detachment of marines to Panama to support the new government. The rebels gladly accepted Roosevelt's $10 million offer, and they gave the United States complete control of a ten-mile wide canal zone. Panama Canal: Culebra Cut, c. 1910 -1920

Emilio Aguinaldo My nation cannot remain indifferent in view of such violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which has arrogated to itself the title: champion of oppressed nations. -- Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, 1898

In the insurgent trenches

Sgt. Clement C. Jones captured a Filipino flag

Philippine insurgents fighting in the undergrowth

Philippine insurgent troops in the suburbs of Manila

Philippine insurgents were mostly from the Tagalo race which inhabited northern Luzon

Bridge at Malabon showing the damage done by Philippine insurgents

Insurgent army surrendering to General Frederick D. Grant in the Philippine Islands

"War Photography. " U. S. troops and Filipino women. The Philippine War was one of the nation's first conflicts covered by photojournalists, who published their pictures in daily newspapers and sold them to the public as souvenirs.

Filipinos Retreat from Trenches, June 5, 1899

American troops on the ramparts at Manila, c. 1898 -1901

Filipino casualties on the first day of war.

The U. S. -Filipino War claimed the lives of 4, 200 American soldiers, fifteen thousand rebel troops, and some two hundred thousand Filipino civilians.

La Zafra (Sugar Harvest)

Inside the sugar mill

Gambling

Night Clubs Prostitution

Fulgencio Batista

Fidel Castro

Ernesto “Che” Guevara

On January 1, 1959, abandoned by his American allies, Batista and his closest aids fled the country. Soon thereafter, Castro enters Havana victoriously.

Bay of Pigs (Bahía de Cochinos)

Ater Colombia refused to accept T. R. 's offer to purchase the Panamanian Canal Zone, T. R. encouraged the indepedence movement in the rogue Colombian province of Panama. Later, Colombia accused the United States of stealing their territory without remuneration.

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists A"Boxer" with clenched fist upraised

Boxers in action on horseback

U. S. Troops marching to Beijing.

British Troops

Japanese troops marching on Tientsin

Russian Troops in China

Combat scene - Marines on bridge fire at onrushing Boxers

Combat scene - Marines on bridge fire at onrushing Boxers and Imperial troops

U. S. Navy Unit with machine gun. U. S. Marines in Beijing Marine detachment Railroad train with troops and cannon

Marine International gun "Betsy"

Allied artillery fire on Beijing

Dead Chinese outside destroyed wall gate of Tientsin

Dead Chinese Boxer

Marine squad

Marines in formation in Beijing

Allies march in Peking Forbidden City

Allies final victory march in Beijing

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi born Oct. 26, 1919, Tehrn, Iran died July 27, 1980, Cairo, Egypt Shah of Iran (1941– 79), noted for his pro. Western orientation and autocratic rule. After an education in Switzerland, he replaced his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi, as ruler when the latter was forced into exile by the British. His rule was marked by a power struggle with his premier, Mohammad Mosaddeq, who briefly succeeded in deposing him in 1953; covert intervention by British and U. S. intelligence services returned him to the throne the next year. His program of rapid modernization and oil-field development initially brought him popular support, but his autocratic style and suppression of dissent, along with corruption and the unequal distribution of Iran's new oil wealth, increased opposition led by exiled cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. In 1979 Pahlavi was forced into exile.

Number of American military personnel dead: 58, 000. Number of South Vietnamese dead: 300, 000. Number of North Vietnamese dead: 1, 000. Cost of the Vietnam War in American dollars: $200 billion.

October 29, 2004 CASUALTIES Study Puts Iraqi Deaths of Civilians at 100, 000 By ELISABETH ROSENTHAL, International Herald Tribune PARIS, Oct. 28 - An estimated 100, 000 civilians have died in Iraq as a direct or indirect consequence of the March 2003 United States-led invasion, according to a new study by a research team at the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Coming just five days before the presidential election the finding is certain to generate intense controversy, since it is far higher than previous mortality estimates for the Iraq conflict. Editors of The Lancet, the London-based medical publication, where an article describing the study is scheduled to appear, decided not to wait for the normal publication date next week, but to place the research online Friday, apparently so it could circulate before the election. The Bush administration has not estimated civilian casualties from the conflict, and independent groups have put the number at most in the tens of thousands. In the study, teams of researchers led by Dr. Les Roberts fanned out across Iraq in mid-September to interview nearly 1, 000 families in 33 locations. Families were interviewed about births and deaths in the household before and after the invasion. Although the authors acknowledge that data collection was difficult in what is effectively still a war zone, the data they managed to collect is extensive. Using what they described as the best sampling methods that could be applied under the circumstances, they found that Iraqis were 2. 5 times more likely to die in the 17 months following the invasion than in the 14 months before it. Before the invasion, the most common causes of death in Iraq were heart attacks, strokes and chronic diseases. Afterward, violent death was far ahead

Discretionay Budget, FY 2004 The following pie chart shows federal discretionary spending in fiscal year 2004. The discretionary budget refers to the part of the federal budget which Congress debates and decides every year. This part of the budget constitutes more than one-third of total federal spending. The remainder of the federal budget is 'mandatory spending. ' Fiscal year 2004 runs from October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2004.

World Military Spending, 2003 The following pie indicates the top 10 countries' share in world military spending, which in 2003 totaled almost $880 billion. The figures, compiled by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute are compared in constant (2000) prices and market exchange rates. The top ten spenders made up 76% of all military spending in the world, while the U. S. alone made up almost half. The top 15 spenders (including Russia, India, Israel, Turkey and Brazil) made up 82% of all military spending.

Military, Homeland Security and Non-Military Security Tools, FY 2005 (in billions of dollars) The graph below indicates the level of military spending, homeland security, and nonmilitary security tools. More than seven times as much money is spent on military as on homeland all other non-security tools combined.

Total Federal Spending, FY 2004 The following pie chart illustrates total federal spending (in outlays) for fiscal year 2004. Fiscal year 2004 runs from October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2004.

CIA, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983 Part I (pp. 1 -67) - Part II (pp. 68 -124) This secret manual was compiled from sections of the KUBARK guidelines, and from U. S. Military Intelligence field manuals written in the mid 1960 s as part of the Army's Foreign Intelligence Assistance Program codenamed "Project X. " The manual was used in numerous Latin American countries as an instructional tool by CIA and Green Beret trainers between 1983 and 1987 and became the subject of executive session Senate Intelligence Committee hearings in 1988 because of human rights abuses committed by CIA-trained Honduran military units. The manual allocates considerable space to the subject of "coercive questioning" and psychological and physical techniques. The original text stated that "we will be discussing two types of techniques, coercive and non-coercive. While we do not stress the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them. " After Congress began investigating human rights violations by U. S. -trained Honduran intelligence officers, that passage was hand edited to read "while we deplore the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them so that you may avoid them. " Although the manual advised methods of coercion similar to those used in the Abu Ghraib prison by U. S. forces, it also carried a prescient observation: "The routine use of torture lowers the moral caliber of the organization that uses it and corrupts those that rely on it…. "

MAP 34. 4 Imperialism and migration during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. • Page: 957