Theme: Thinking and problem solving Defining thinking Different Types of Thinking” Intelligence Critical Thinking The problem solving strategy
• 1) Defining thinking • Osgood (1953) defined thinking as “internal representation of events”; • Piaget (1952) on the other hand, saw thinking as arising from a biological process of adaptation to the environment; • Dewey (1933) saw thinking as something which arises when we have a mismatch or discrepancy between what we expect to happen and what really happen.
“Different Types of Thinking” • 1. Critical thinking - This is convergent thinking. It assesses the worth and validity of something existent. It involves precise, persistent, objective analysis. When teachers try to get several learners to think convergently, they try to help them develop common understanding. • 2. Creative thinking - This is divergent thinking. It generates something new or different. It involves having a different idea that works as well or better than previous ideas. •
• 3. Convergent thinking - This type of thinking is cognitive processing of information around a common point, an attempt to bring thoughts from different directions into a union or common conclusion. • 4. Divergent thinking - This type of thinking starts from a common point and moves outward into a variety of perspectives. • 5. Inductive thinking - This is the process of reasoning from parts to the whole, from examples to generalizations
• 3) Intelligence has been defined in many different ways including, but not limited to, logic, abstract thought, understanding, selfawareness, communication, learning, having emotional knowledge, retaining, planning, and problem solving. • Intelligence -the degree to which one can adapt to one’s environment. • Intelligence Quotient [IQ] -the scores achieved on psychological tests aimed at quantifying intellectual ability.
The problem solving strategy • • • The IDEAL Method Identify the problem. Define the problem. Explore alternative approaches. Act on the best strategies. Look back to evaluate the effects.
1) Specify the problem - a first step to solving a problem is to identify it as specifically as possible. It involves evaluating the present state and determining how it differs from the goal state. 2) Analyze the problem - analyzing the problem involves learning as much as you can about it. It may be necessary to look beyond the obvious, surface situation, to stretch your imagination and reach for more creative options. • seek other perspectives • be flexible in your analysis • consider various strands of impact • brainstorm about all possibilities and implications • research problems for which you lack complete information.
3) Formulate possible solutions - identify a wide range of possible solutions. • try to think of all possible solutions • be creative • consider similar problems and how you have solved them. 4) Evaluate possible solutions - weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Think through each solution and consider how, when, and where you could accomplish each. Consider both immediate and long-term results. Mapping your solutions can be helpful at this stage. 5) Choose a solution - consider 3 factors: • compatibility with your priorities • amount of risk • practicality
Attention • is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of limited processing resources. [
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