Theme Parts of speech Plan 1 Classification

Theme: Parts of speech

Plan 1. Classification of parts of speech 2. Types of grammatical classes of words Beaudouin de Courtenay (1845 -1929) and Academician F. F. Fortunatov of Russia, and the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, Frank Palmer, V. V. Vinogradov, L. V. Scherba, A. I. Smirnitsky, B. A. Ilyish and others

PARTS OF SPEECH-word division classes of words all the members of these classes have certain characteristics in common

Notional and Functional interrelation of lexical and grammatical types of meaning • notion: lexical meaning is predominant • function: grammatical meaning dominates over the lexical one

Ancient Greek linguistics lexico-grammatical classes of words grammatically relevant properties: semantic formal functional

Notional parts of speech into grammatically relevant sets of words or certain lexico-grammatical classes of words were formulated by L. V. Shcherba

Semantic (lexical meaning ) generalized semantic properties (meaning) common to the whole class of words nouns - “thingness” verbs - process adjectives - substantive property adverbs - non-substantive property

Formal (morphological form) word-building and word-changing property, bitterness, worker boy-boys, boy – boy’s, boy – the boy – a boy

Functional (syntactic functioning) fulfillment in the sentence noun: subject and an object finite form of the verb: predicate adjective: attribute adverb: adverbial modifier.

Notional words – complete nominative meanings Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Pronouns Numerals are in most cases changeable and fulfill self-dependent syntactic functions in the sentence

Functional words – incomplete nominative value Conjunctions Prepositions Articles interjections particles modal words are unchangeable and fulfill mediatory, constructional syntactic functions & do not distinguish any common semantic, or formal, or functional properties

NOUN - substantivity semantic and grammatical properties: • • -proper and common -animate and inanimate -countable and uncountable -simple and compound

NOUN proper nouns - individual names, geographical names, the names of the months and the days of the week, names of ships, hotels, clubs, etc. common nouns - class of persons or things (man, book), collections of similar individuals or things regarded as a single unit (peasantry, family), materials (iron, cotton) or abstract notions (kindness, development)

VERB - action semantically and grammatically: finite simple auxiliary transitive regular actional: statal: infinite derived modal intransitive irregular He wrote a letter He will soon recover phrasal link-verbs

ADJECTIVE - quality of a substance meanings and grammatical characteristics • qualitative: degrees of comparison (comparative, superlative) • relative - relation to substance, as size, shape, colour, physical and mental qualities, qualities of general estimation: little, large, high, soft, warm, white, important, etc.

ADJECTIVE In a sentence grammatical meaning (quality possessing certain stability), e. g. a fast train – an approaching train attribute or predicative

PRONOUN and NUMERALS - do not have any syntactic functions of their own but resemble in their formal and functional properties different notional parts of speech: e. g. , cardinal numerals function as substantives, ordinal numerals function as adjectives the same can be said about personal pronouns and possessive pronouns

PRONOUN semantic classification personal Interrogative Indefinite defining possessive reciprocal negative reflexive demonstrative relative conjunctive

PRONOUN and NUMERALS Functions in a sentence PRONOUNS: subject, predicative, object, attribute Numerals: nouns and adjectives (teen, -ty, -th); neither morphologic nor syntactic features; indicates number or the order of persons and things in a series

ADVERB – some circumstances that attend an action, state or quality • adverbs of time (today, soon, etc. ); • adverbs of repetition or frequency (often, seldom, over, etc. ); • adverbs of place and direction (inside, backward, etc. ); • adverbs of cause and consequence (therefore, accordingly, etc. ); • adverbs of manner (kindly, hard, etc. ); • adverbs of degree, measure and quantity (very, almost, once, etc. ).

ADVERB • • degrees of comparison of ‘well’, ‘badly’, ‘much’, ‘little’ ‘fast’, ‘near’, ‘hard’ the forms are analytical (wisely - more wisely - most wisely) ‘far’ has a peculiar form

ADVERB In a sentence • adverbial modifier (said softly, nice in a way) • attribute

FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH Modal words: attitude to the reality, possibility or probability of the action used parenthetically or as sentence-words (perhaps, maybe, indeed, etc. )

INTERJECTION - emotions primary are not derived from other parts of speech: ah, oh, eh, pooh, hum, fie, bravo, hush, heigh-ho! hey-ho! holla-ho! gee-ho! secondary are derived from other parts of speech: well, now, why, God gracious, damn it, etc.

CONJUNCTION - connections between objects and phenomena in various syntactic structures and units coordinating (join coordinate clauses in a compound sentence) : Copulative : and, nor, as well as, both…and, not only…but (also), neither…nor; Disjunctive : or, either…or, or else, else; Adversative: but, while, whereas; Causative-consecutive: so, for subordinating (join a subordinate or dependent clause to a principal clause) -that, as if – as though

PREPOSITION - relations between objects and phenomena • - prepositions of place and direction (in, on, below, under, between, etc. ) • - time (after, before, at, etc. ) • - prepositions expressing abstract relations (by, with, because of, etc. )

PARTICLE & ARTICLE PARTICLE - modal or emotional emphasis: else, solely, merely ARTICLE - indicates the noun (definiteness or indefiniteness)

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