Theme Biological Basic of Psychology Contents 1 Divisions

Theme: Biological Basic of Psychology Contents: 1. Divisions of the nervous system. 2. Brain structures and their functions 3. Stages of mental development 4 Consciousness

Vocabulary –головной мозг; Spinal cord – Спинной мозг; Peripheral nervous system – Периферическая нервная система; Occipital lobe -Затылочная доля; Brainstem – ствол головного мозга; Temporal lobe – Височная доля Parietal lobe – Теменная доля; Cerebrum

Vocabulary callosum -мозолистое тело; Cerebellum –мозжечок; Hemisphere – полушарие; Corpus

The nervous system can be divided into several connected systems that function together. Let's start with a simple division: The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

A Guide to Brain Anatomy

Brainstem - The lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord. Neurological functions located in the brainstem include those necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) and for arousal (being awake and alert).

Cerebellum - The portion of the brain (located at the back) which helps coordinate movement (balance and muscle coordination). Damage may result in ataxia which is a problem of muscle coordination. This can interfere with a person's ability to walk, talk, eat, and to perform other self care tasks. Frontal Lobe - Front part of the brain; involved in planning, organizing, problem solving, selective attention, personality and a variety of "higher cognitive functions" including behavior and emotions.

Occipital Lobe - Region in the back of the brain which processes visual information. Not only is the occipital lobe mainly responsible for visual reception, it also contains association areas that help in the visual recognition of shapes and colors. Damage to this lobe can cause visual deficits

Parietal Lobe - One of the two parietal lobes of the brain located behind the frontal lobe at the top of the brain. Parietal Lobe, Right - Damage to this area can cause visuospatial deficits (e. g. , the patient may have difficulty finding their way around new, or even familiar, places). Parietal Lobe, Left - Damage to this area may disrupt a patient's ability to understand spoken and/or written language. The parietal lobes contain the primary sensory cortex which controls sensation (touch, pressure). Behind the primary sensory cortex is a large association area that controls fine sensation (judgment of texture, weight, size, shape)

Temporal Lobe - There are two temporal lobes, one on each side of the brain located at about the level of the ears. These lobes allow a person to tell one smell from another and one sound from another. They also help in sorting new information and are believed to be responsible for short-term memory. Right Lobe - Mainly involved in visual memory (i. e. , memory for pictures and faces). Left Lobe - Mainly involved in verbal memory (i. e. , memory for words and names).

Hemispheres From a top view, notice how the brain is divided into two halves, called hemispheres. Each hemisphere communicates with the other through the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. (Another smaller fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called the anterior commissure).

In the peripheral nervous system, neurons can be functionally divided in three ways: Sensory (afferent) - carry information INTO the central nervous system from sense organs or motor (efferent) - carry information away from the central nervous system (for muscle control). Cranial - connects the brain with the periphery or spinal - connects the spinal cord with the periphery. Somatic - connects the skin or muscle with the central nervous system or visceral - connects the internal organs with the central nervous system.

Cerebral Cortex Functions: Thought Voluntary movement Language Reasoning Perception

Cerebral Cortex The word "cortex" comes from the Latin word for "bark" (of a tree). This is because the cortex is a sheet of tissue that makes up the outer layer of the brain. The thickness of the cerebral cortex varies from 2 to 6 mm. The right and left sides of the cerebral cortex are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called the "corpus callosum. " In higher mammals such as humans, the cerebral cortex looks like it has many bumps and grooves. A bump or bulge on the cortex is called a gyrus (the plural of the word gyrus is "gyri") and a groove is called a sulcus (the plural of the word sulcus is "sulci"). Lower mammals, such as rats and mice, have very few gyri and sulci.

Cerebellum Functions: Movement Balance Posture

Cerebellum The word "cerebellum" is derived from the Latin word for "little brain. " Located behind the brain stem, the cerebellum is similar to the cerebral cortex because it has hemispheres and a cortex that surrounds the hemispheres.

Brain stem Functions: Breathing Heart Rate Blood Pressure

Brain stem The brain stem refers to the area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord. Structures of the brain stem include the pons, medulla oblongta, tectum, reticular formation and tegmentum. The brain stem is important for maintaining basic life functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Hypothalamus Functions: Body Temperature Emotions Hunger Thirst Circadian Rhythms

Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is composed of several different areas and is located at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus is only 1/300 of the total brain weight. One function of the hypothalamus is the control of body temperature. The hypothalamus detects changes in body temperature and sends commands to adjust the temperature. For example, the hypothalamus can detect fever and respond by sending a command to expand capillaries in the skin. The expansion of the capillaries cools the blood and results in a drop in body temperature. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary.

Thalamus Functions: Sensory processing Movement The thalamus receives sensory information from other areas of the nervous system and sends this information to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus is also important for processing information related to movement.

Limbic System Functions: Emotions Memory The limbic system (or the limbic areas) is a group of structures that includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus. These areas are important for controlling the emotional response to a given situation. The hippocampus is also important for memory.

Hippocampus Functions: Learning Memory The hippocampus is one part of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning

Basal Ganglia Functions: Movement The basal ganglia are a group of structures, including the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen and substantia nigra, that are important in coordinating movement.

Midbrain Functions: Vision Audition Eye Movement Body Movement The midbrain includes structures such as the superior and inferior colliculi and red nucleus. There are several other areas also in the midbrain.

The human body is made up of trillions of cells. Cells of the nervous system, called nerve cells or neurons, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process. The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons. To learn how neurons carry messages, read about the action potential.

Neurons can also be classified by the direction that they send information. Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e. g. , in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system. Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Interneurons: send information between sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system.

An outline of the evolution of the psyche The origin of sensitive living organisms is associated with complication of their vital activity. This complication consists in a differentiation of the processes of external activity that mediate organism's relations with those properties of the environment on which. . . their life depend.

The evolution of the Psyche in Animals 1. The Stage of Elementary Sensory Psyche 2. The Stage of the Perceptive Psyche 3. The Stage of [Animal] Intellect

Phylogenetic development- Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history: a phylogenetic classification of species. 1 level of mental development irritability inherent in single-celled organisms, is defined as forced activity. 2 level of mental development – sensibility – it is ability to sense from Biological important factors but also biological neutral. .

3 level of mental development – behavior. The stage of [animal] intellect is characterized by very complex. . . forms of reflecting reality 4 the highest level - consciousness inherent just for human being.

Ontogenetic development- The origin and development of an individual organism from embryo to adult. Also called ontogenesis. Life stages 1 Infancy 2 Early childhood 3 Late Childhood: Preadolescence 4 Adolescence 5 Young Adult etc.

What is a conciousness? Consciousness is defined as a stable information processing system with specific functions and emergent operating properties, all of which are necessary to maintain system stability. The minimum specific functions for any conscious system are: 1) perception; 2) recognition; 3) memory; 4) recall; and 5) behavior.

Freud's Three Levels of Mind The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this the preconscious.

Freud's Three Levels of Mind The preconscious mind is the part of the mind that represents ordinary memory. While we are not consciously aware of this information at any given time, we can retrieve it and pull it into consciousness when needed.

Freud's Three Levels of Mind The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.

Thank you!