Theme 2 Classification of environmental monitoring systems Types

Theme 2 Classification of environmental monitoring systems Types of environmental monitoring (according to Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, 1998) - General (standard) monitoring - Operational (crisis) monitoring - Baseline (scientific) monitoring Observed objects 1) Local monitoring 2) Impact monitoring 3) Global environmental monitoring (or worldwide monitoring)

The system of environmental monitoring of Ukraine has three levels: 1) local - territory of separate objects (enterprises, cities, plots of landscapes); 2) regional - within the administrative and territorial units, in areas of economic and natural regions; 3) national - territory of Ukraine in whole. The most universal approach to the formation of monitoring systems is an organization of global monitoring system with the simultaneous solution of all problems that arise in this process.

Generalized classification scheme of monitoring systems The principle of classification By universality of system According to the reaction of the main components of the biosphere By the main components of the biosphere The current or long-term monitoring systems Global (including baseline and paleomonitoring). National, "international" (transboundary pollutants transport monitoring), regional Geophysical monitoring, biological monitoring (which includes genetic monitoring), environmental monitoring (including geophysical and biological monitoring) Monitoring of anthropogenic changes (man-made change of environment) in atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere

By the influence Monitoring of sources of pollution, ingredient source monitoring (selected pollutants, radioactive radiation, noise, etc. ) By the influences Biotic and abiotic monitoring (impact factors) By the severity and Monitoring of the ocean, climate monitoring, globality ozone layer monitoring, etc. By the methods of Aerospace monitoring (remote sensing observation methods) Monitoring of physical, chemical and biological parameters By the complexity Biomedical or health-related monitoring, of approach bioenvironmental monitoring, climate monitoring. Variants: biomonitoring, geoecological, biosphere monitoring, resource monitoring and others.

Classification of reactions of natural systems, sources and impacts that need to be covered by the monitoring system Section of observations Classification А. Local sources and А. 1. Sources of pollution and influence sources influencing factors А. 2. Influencing factors (pollutants, radiation etc. ) B. State of the B. 1. State of the environment that is characterized by environment physical and physiographic data B. 2. State of the environment that is characterized by geochemical data and pollution data C. State of biotic C. 1. Challenge response component of а) by biont , biosphere б) in population, в) in communities and ecosystems D. Response of a large D. 1. Response of a large scale systems (weather and climate) scale systems and D. 2. Response of biosphere in whole biosphere E. Public health and E. 1. Environmental influence on morbidity and public health human wellbeing E. 2. Environmental influence on human wellbeing

Block diagram of the influence of the main sources of pollution on the biosphere Transboundary air pollution Aerochemical pest control Precipitation Air Industries Motor transport Aviation Agriculture Water transport Energy economy Urban area Waste water Biota Soil Water Ground water

Environmental indicators are developed in order to: • assist in the development of optimal environmental policy; • compare countries and regions; • ensure understanding of the problem; • study of the relationship of industrial activity and cause-effect relationships.

European Environment Agency (EEA) uses five types of integrated indicators: (A) Descriptive indicators: for example the proportion of organic farming to all agricultural lands, % (B) Performance indicators: they characterize the progress in achieving intended goals such as greenhouse gas emissions (C) Efficiency indicators are indicators that characterize the ecological efficiency, for example, the level of emissions per unit of GDP (gross domestic product) (D) Indicators of political efficiency are indicators that characterize the relationship between changes in the environment and political measures (response) (E) Aggregate welfare indicators: these indicators are characterizing the development of society, for example, indicators of sustainable development

At the Intergovernmental Meeting on Monitoring (Nairobi, 11 -20 February 1974) was developed method, selected criteria and priorities of different pollutants. These priorities were divided into eight with the definition of the environment and the type of measurement program: «І» — impact «R» — regional «B» — baseline «G» — global

Classification of priority pollutants by priority classes Class Polluting substance 1 Sulfur dioxide, suspended solids, Radionuclides (90 Sr + 137 Cs) 2 Environment Ozone 3 Air Food - troposphere - stratosphere DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and Biota other chloroorganics Food, water Cadmium and its compounds Nitrates, nitrites Freshwater, food Nitrogen oxide Air 4 Mercury and its compounds Lead Carbon dioxide Food, water Air , food Air 5 Carbon oxide HC-hydrocarbon (petroleum) Air Seawater 6 7 Fluorides Asbestos Arcenic Freshwater Air Drinking water 8 Microtoxins Microbiological pollution Reactive pollution Food Air Program type І, R, B І, R G B І, R І B І R, B І І, R І

The highest priority for the areas has cities and areas which are sources of drinking water. The higher priority among the environments has air and water from fresh water bodies (especially lentic). For air the most important ingredients are dust, sulfur oxides, carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, benzo (a) pyrene and pesticides. For water there will be biogenic products, phenols and oil products. Among the sources of pollution the highest priority has motor transport, thermal power plants, and enterprises of nonferrous metallurgy.

There are such integrated indexes that characterize the changes in ecological balance: - Balanceness of biological productivity (the ratio between primary biological productivity and secondary biological productivity) - Rate of biological product (the ratio between biological productivity and total biomass) - Degree of turnover of biogenic substances