THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Late 1700

THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Late 1700 s: Selim III’s reforms resented by janissaries, 1807 revolt 1826: Mahmud II slaughters janissaries 1838: treaty opening up trade hurts artisans 1839 -1876: Tanzimat reforms: western style universities, transportation, communication, constitution of 1876 1878 -1908: Abdul Hamid – repression; infrastructure 1908: Coup; resistance by Young Turks; troubles faced by Young Turks Loss of territory: (Greece, 1830; Serbia, 1867; Balkan territory, 1870 s; threats from Russia and new Balkan states, late 1800 s)

THE SUEZ CANAL 1869: The Canal was inaugurated by Khedive Ismail in a lavish ceremony. French, British, Russian, and other royalty were invited for the inauguration. 1882: British troops move in to protect the canal. External debts had forced Egypt to sell its share in the canal to Britain. http: //www. jcsm. org/Space. Pics/Suez. Canel. jpg 1956: Egypt nationalized the canal. Britain, France and Israel invaded, and the week-long Suez War ensued. The United Nations declared the canal Egyptian property. 1967 -75: After the Six-Day War in 1967, the canal remained closed for eight years. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974.

EARLY NATIONALISM IN EGYPT & SUDAN 1798: Napoleon’s invasion of Mamluk Egypt 1801: Muhammad Ali – limited reforms 1869: Suez Canal 1867 -1952: Khedive rule; growing division between Islamist and secularist resistance to European presence 1882: Coup; British back Khedive; indirect control 1870 s: Mahdist resistance in Sudan 1898: British victory following Battle of Omdurman Punch cartoon, 1879. The Khedive rides a donkey weighed down with debt. http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/history/core/pics/0254/img 0056. jpg

QING CHINA 1842 and 1856: China loses Opium Wars 1850 s and ’ 60 s: Taiping Rebellion 1894 -95: Sino-Japanese war 1898 -1901: Repressive rule of Empress Cixi; Boxer Rebellion; increased power for European and Japanese forces Taiping Rebellion http: //www. arts. ed. ac. uk/fineart/zhang. html 1911: Sun Yat-sen 1912 -1916: Yuan Shikai; rising influence of Japan in China 1919: May Fourth Movement 1911: End of Qing dynasty; warlords; merchants

EARLY INDIAN RESISTANCE 1857: An Indian soldier in the British army shot his commander forcing Indian troops to use rifle cartridges greased with animal fat. The “mutiny” spread like wildfire and led to reinstatement of a Mughal emperor, but the Indians were defeated after six days of fighting. Within a couple of years, the rebellion was quelled throughout British India. 1858: The British government took over the reins from the East India Company in 1858. 1877: Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India Late 1800 s: Indian National Congress (no mass base); “drain of wealth” theory; Hindu nationalism 1904 -05: Partition of Bengal Rebellion of 1857 The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II as a prisoner

NATIONALISM IN TWENTIETH- CENTURY INDIA 1893 -1914: Gandhi practised law in South Africa. Appalled by the racism and discrimination there, he cameup with the idea of “passive resistance” Gandhi outside his law office in Johannesburg, 1905 http: //www. suntimes. co. za/2001/1 1/11/lifestyle/life 10. asp 1919: Amritsar Massacre. British troops fired on an unarmed political gathering, killing 379 and wounding 1, 200. Many young Indians took to terrorist tactics in revenge. 1920 s and ’ 30 s: Satyagraha and swadeshi Born in 1907, Bhagat Singh carried childhood memories of the Amritsar Massacre. Like many young Indians of his time, he resorted to terrorist tactics. He was hanged at the age of 23.

JAPANESE IMPERIALISM 1853 -54: End of isolation 1868: Meiji era; industrialization After 1879: Cultural and social conservatism; extreme nationalism 1894 -95: Sino. Japanese war 1904 -05: Russo. Japanese War 1902: Alliance with Britain 1910: Annexation of Korea

EUROPE By 1907: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France) 1908: Austria annexes Bosnia. Hercegovina Women’s suffrage: since 1830 s in Britain and US; 1840 s demand for right to vote; WSPU 1903 1914: War breaks out

http: //www. war 1418. com/battleverdun 33/ A WAR OF ATTRITION The battle of Verdun (1916) lasted ten months. It is estimated that over 700, 000 people were dead, wounded, or missing. The battlefield was not even ten square kilometers. This is a dugout at the Mort-Homme, or Dead Man’s Hill, an important lookout for Allied soldiers.

http: //www. geocities. com/~worldwar 1/beeld 45. html CHEMICAL WARFARE British soldiers in a machine gun nest, wearing anti-phosgene gas masks

Western Front, 1917 Gas masks for the chemical war

http: //www. geocities. com/~worldwar 1/beeld 53. html http: //www. geocities. com/~worldwar 1/beeld 44. html Left: Russian soldier hanging on barbed wire. Right: Australian soldiers in a trench in Flanders, Belgium.

http: //www. geocities. com/~worldwar 1/beeld 47. html Ypres, 1917

http: //www. geocities. com/~worldwar 1/beeld 39 a. html HUMAN CONSEQUENCES Daughters of Belgian soldiers who died, at an orphanage in northern France, 1917.

For him the war is over. A lucky wound, 1916. Source: Images of War: 130 years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (Hamburg: STERN-Buch im Verlag Gruner + Jahr AG & Co. , 1983)

Faces of war Below: Veterans of the trenches Right: England, ca. 1918. A new face is matched up Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Hamburg, ca. 1918 Teaching amputees how to walk Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

Rehabilitation in Germany A soldier who has lost his arm practices marksmanship Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS, 1919 -26

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

MIDDLE EAST AFTER WW 1