The Victorian Era 20 June 1837 22 January

The Victorian Era 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 Выполнила: Алексеева А. Гр. 12111

Social structure of the Victorian Era.

Social classes • The Upper Class - did not have to work • The Middle Class - performed clean work • The Lower/ Working Class - physical labour

The Upper Class: The King, the Queen, Aristocrats, Nobles, Dukes, Viscounts, other wealthy families and people from the church. Had: • The authority • Better living conditions • Better education Valued: history, heritage, lineage, traditions

The Middle Class Merchants, small farmers, priests, soldiers, lawyers, doctors, bankers, engineers, other professionals • • Were rather rich Good living conditions Good education The idea of the self-made man

The Lower/ Working Class Skilled workers/ unskilled workers. Many immigrants, homeless people, paupers. • Poor living and working conditions • Very little chance for education • Child and Female labour

Working conditions • Workers included women and children • Long work days • Poor nutrition Living conditions • • Public housing, single rooms, the streets Overcrowded Poorly ventilated No sewage or drainage systems

Victorian morality • A strict code of conduct, low tolerance of crime, strong ethics. • Hard work, punctuality, frugality, thrift. • Charity and philanthropy (wealthy people). • The domination of the patriarchal order in the family • Women's rights were extremely limited. Movements for justice, freedom, and other strong moral values opposed greed, exploitation, and cynicism.

Foreign & domestic policy

The beginning of Victoria’s reign • The majority of people lived in cities it led to dirt and poverty there. • High child mortality. • Famine. • Growing prices. • The increase of the crime rate (уровень преступности)

World’s Fair in 1851

1850 s-1870 s Domestic Policy • The increase of the number of people who had a vote. • The spread of democracy. • The power moved from the provinces to large cities. • The system of local self-government. • The children studied until the age of 13. • Many universities were built. • Trade unions were recognized. • The rise of the population. • Environmental and health standards rose. • Poverty and child labour.

Foreign policy • • • The maintenance of peace and stability in Europe. The control of global trade. The expansion of colonial possessions. The defence of the interests and trade routes. Some colonies established their own government.

Technology and engineering • Continuous production, efficient machines and new engineering inventions. • The development of the Heavy industry (coal and metal manufacture) and textile industry. • The development of the railway system.

• Cinema, telegraph, telephones, cars and aircraft had a great impact on people. • Photography was realised in 1839, hand-held cameras were available. • The sewage system. • A gas network for lighting and heating. • The Penny Black, • the first postage stamp.

Science • Charles Darwin – a theory of evolution «On the Origin of Species» in 1859. • Sigmund Freud - the radical thought associated with modern psychiatry • Karl Marx - the radical economic theory. • The development of medicine and the physical sciences. • The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism.

Entertainment

• Literature (Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle, Charlotte Brontë an sisters and William Makepeace Thackeray) • Theatre and the arts (Aesthetic movement and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood) • Music, drama, and opera were widely attended. • Gambling at cards in casinos. • Brass bands (духовые оркестры). • The British circus: travelling circus. • Paranormal events (mesmerism (гипноз)), communication with the • Natural history (the study of birds, butterflies, and wild flowers)

20 June 1837 - 22 January 1901

-FIN-