The Triumph of Parliament over Absolute Monarchs in England vs
Queen Elizabeth • QE I dies in 1603 – End of the Tudor Family • Crown passes to her cousin, James VI of Scotland • Son of Mary Queen of Scots who was executed by Elizabeth’s order
James I • Stuart • Born Catholic, became a Protestant • 1601 -1625 • Viewed as a “Foreign” King (Scottish) • Strong believer in Divine Right / and Absolutism • Parliament refused to raise funds for James I government • Puritans disliked his religious policies • United England Scotland as “Great Britain”
November 5 1604 – Gunpowder Plot (Guy Fawkes Day) Remember remember the fifth of November Gunpowder, treason and plot. I see no reason why gunpowder, treason Should ever be forgot. . .
• • Charles I Stuart Strong Anglican 1625 -1649 Parliament forced Charles to sign the Petition of Right – which strengthened Parliament’s power to tax. Charles accepted and then did not call Parliament for 11 years. • Charles married a Catholic.
Charles I - continued • War with Scotland forced Charles to call Parliament (the Long Parliament). Charles tried to force Scots use the Anglican prayer book • Charles tried and convicted his enemies in a secret court called the Star Chamber • The Long Parliament tried to limit Charles’ power so he arrested five leaders of Parliament – CIVIL WAR!.
Civil War between Charles I and Cromwell’s Parliament (Cavaliers vs. Roundheads)
Civil War (1642 -1649) Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) a House of Lords † House of Commons a N & W England † S & E England a Aristocracy † Puritans a Large landowners † Merchants a Church officials † Townspeople a More rural † More urban
The Commonwealth: Oliver Cromwell 1649 -1658 • Puritan • (Puritans were Protestants who believed in very strict rules and wanted to “purify” the church of all Catholic practices. ) • Leader of Parliament Army (Roundheads) • Captured, tried and executed Charles in 1649.
The Commonwealth: Oliver Cromwell 1649 -1658 • Kicked non-Puritans out of Parliament - the “Rump” Parliament • Cromwell dissolved Parliament and started military dictatorship. • Adopted strict rules for society no singing, drinking, swearing, gambling, public gambling, plays, make-up for women, or Christmas celebrations
Charles II 1660 -1685 (Stuart, secretly a Catholic) • Parliament invited Charles II to return • Charles reopened theaters and taverns, and was known as the “Merry Monarch” • Charles accepted the Petition of Right • Allowed religious toleration • His brother James inherited the throne from him
James II 1685 -1688 - Stuart, Catholic! • Allowed Catholics to take positions in government and as officers in the army (violation of the Test Act. ) • Had a son with his Catholic wife.
The GLORIOUS REVOLUTION: William III and Mary II 1689 -1702 – Protestants • Mary was James II Protestant Daughter who was married to William of Orange (Dutch). • Parliament offered them the crown in return they: • Accepted the English Bill of Rights which ensured the superiority of Parliament, required the King to summon Parliament regularly, forbid the King from interfering with the work of Parliament.
William III and Mary II 1689 -1702 – Protestants • The Bill of Rights also established and restated individual rights such as: trial by jury, habeas corpus, religious freedom (except Catholics). • Beginning of a limited, or constitutional, monarch in England
The Seesaw of King & Parliament: 1603 -1689
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