The Time Value of Money By Dr Gagan

The Time Value of Money By Dr. Gagan Kukreja

The Time Value of Money Compounding and Discounting Single Sums

We know that receiving Rs. 1 today is worth more than Rs. 1 in the future. This is due to opportunity costs. The opportunity cost of receiving Rs. 1 in the future is the interest we could have earned if we had received the Rs. 1 sooner. Today Future

If we can measure this opportunity cost, we can:

If we can measure this opportunity cost, we can: • Translate Rs. 1 today into its equivalent in the future (compounding).

If we can measure this opportunity cost, we can: • Translate Rs. 1 today into its equivalent in the future (compounding). Today Future ?

If we can measure this opportunity cost, we can: • Translate Rs. 1 today into its equivalent in the future (compounding). Today Future ? • Translate Rs. 1 in the future into its equivalent today (discounting).

If we can measure this opportunity cost, we can: • Translate Rs. 1 today into its equivalent in the future (compounding). Today Future ? • Translate Rs. 1 in the future into its equivalent today (discounting). Today ? Future

Future Value

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 1 year?

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 1 year? PV = FV = 0 1

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 1 year? PV = -100 FV = 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=1 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 106 1

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 1 year? PV = -100 FV = 106 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=1 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 106 1

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 1 year? PV = -100 FV = 106 0 1 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = 100 (FVIF. 06, 1 ) (use FVIF table, or) FV = PV (1 + i)n FV = 100 (1. 06)1 = Rs. 106

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 5 years?

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = FV = 0 5

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=5 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 133. 82 5

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 133. 82 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=5 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 133. 82 5

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6%, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 133. 82 0 5 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = 100 (FVIF. 06, 5 ) (use FVIF table, or) FV = PV (1 + i)n FV = 100 (1. 06)5 = Rs. 133. 82

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with quarterly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years?

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with quarterly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = FV = 0 ?

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with quarterly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 4 I=6 N = 20 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 134. 68 20

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with quarterly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 134. 68 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 4 I=6 N = 20 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 134. 68 20

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with quarterly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 134. 68 0 20 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = 100 (FVIF. 015, 20 ) (can’t use FVIF table) FV = PV (1 + i/m) m x n FV = 100 (1. 015)20 = Rs. 134. 68

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with monthly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years?

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with monthly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = FV = 0 ?

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with monthly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 12 I=6 N = 60 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 134. 89 60

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with monthly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 FV = 134. 89 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 12 I=6 N = 60 PV = -100 FV = Rs. 134. 89 60

Future Value - single sums If you deposit Rs. 100 in an account earning 6% with monthly compounding, how much would you have in the account after 5 years? PV = -100 0 FV = 134. 89 60 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = 100 (FVIF. 005, 60 ) (can’t use FVIF table) FV = PV (1 + i/m) m x n FV = 100 (1. 005)60 = Rs. 134. 89

Future Value - continuous compounding What is the FV of Rs. 1, 000 earning 8% with continuous compounding, after 100 years?

Future Value - continuous compounding What is the FV of Rs. 1, 000 earning 8% with continuous compounding, after 100 years? PV = FV = 0 ?

Future Value - continuous compounding What is the FV of Rs. 1, 000 earning 8% with continuous compounding, after 100 years? PV = -1000 FV = 0 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (e in) FV = 1000 (e. 08 x 100) = 1000 (e 8) FV = Rs. 2, 980, 957. 99 100

Future Value - continuous compounding What is the FV of Rs. 1, 000 earning 8% with continuous compounding, after 100 years? PV = -1000 Rs. 2. 98 m FV = 0 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (e in) FV = 1000 (e. 08 x 100) = 1000 (e 8) FV = Rs. 2, 980, 957. 99 100

Present Value

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 one year from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%?

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 one year from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = FV = 0 ?

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 one year from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = FV = 100 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=1 FV = 100 PV = -94. 34 1

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 one year from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = -94. 34 FV = 100 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=1 FV = 100 PV = -94. 34 1

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 one year from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = -94. 34 FV = 100 0 1 Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) PV = 100 (PVIF. 06, 1 ) (use PVIF table, or) PV = FV / (1 + i)n PV = 100 / (1. 06)1 = Rs. 94. 34

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 five years from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%?

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 five years from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = FV = 0 ?

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 five years from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = FV = 100 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=5 FV = 100 PV = -74. 73 5

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 five years from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = -74. 73 FV = 100 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=6 N=5 FV = 100 PV = -74. 73 5

Present Value - single sums If you receive Rs. 100 five years from now, what is the PV of that Rs. 100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? PV = -74. 73 0 FV = 100 5 Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) PV = 100 (PVIF. 06, 5 ) (use PVIF table, or) PV = FV / (1 + i)n PV = 100 / (1. 06)5 = Rs. 74. 73

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%?

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? PV = FV = 0 15

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? PV = FV = 1000 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=7 N = 15 FV = 1, 000 PV = -362. 45 15

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? PV = -362. 45 FV = 1000 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=7 N = 15 FV = 1, 000 PV = -362. 45 15

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? PV = -362. 45 FV = 1000 0 15 Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) PV = 100 (PVIF. 07, 15 ) (use PVIF table, or) PV = FV / (1 + i)n PV = 100 / (1. 07)15 = Rs. 362. 45

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for Rs. 11, 933 that you bought 5 years ago for Rs. 5, 000, what is your annual rate of return?

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for Rs. 11, 933 that you bought 5 years ago for Rs. 5, 000, what is your annual rate of return? PV = FV = 0 5

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for Rs. 11, 933 that you bought 5 years ago for Rs. 5, 000, what is your annual rate of return? PV = -5000 FV = 11, 933 0 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 N=5 PV = -5, 000 FV = 11, 933 I = 19% 5

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for Rs. 11, 933 that you bought 5 years ago for Rs. 5, 000, what is your annual rate of return? Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) 5, 000 = 11, 933 (PVIF ? , 5 ) PV = FV / (1 + i)n 5, 000 = 11, 933 / (1+ i)5. 419 = ((1/ (1+i)5) 2. 3866 = (1+i)5 (2. 3866)1/5 = (1+i) i =. 19

Present Value - single sums Suppose you placed Rs. 100 in an account that pays 9. 6% interest, compounded monthly. How long will it take for your account to grow to Rs. 500? PV = FV = 0

Present Value - single sums Suppose you placed Rs. 100 in an account that pays 9. 6% interest, compounded monthly. How long will it take for your account to grow to Rs. 500? PV = -100 FV = 500 0 Calculator Solution: • P/Y = 12 FV = 500 • I = 9. 6 PV = -100 • N = 202 months ?

Present Value - single sums Suppose you placed Rs. 100 in an account that pays 9. 6% interest, compounded monthly. How long will it take for your account to grow to Rs. 500? Mathematical Solution: PV = FV / (1 + i)n 100 = 500 / (1+. 008)N 5 = (1. 008)N ln 5 = ln (1. 008)N ln 5 = N ln (1. 008) 1. 60944 =. 007968 N N = 202 months

Hint for single sum problems: • In every single sum future value and present value problem, there are 4 variables: • FV, PV, i, and n • When doing problems, you will be given 3 of these variables and asked to solve for the 4 th variable. • Keeping this in mind makes “time value” problems much easier!

The Time Value of Money Compounding and Discounting Cash Flow Streams 0 1 2 3 4

Annuities • Annuity: a sequence of equal cash flows, occurring at the end of each period.

Annuities • Annuity: a sequence of equal cash flows, occurring at the end of each period. 0 1 2 3 4

Examples of Annuities: • If you buy a bond, you will receive equal semi-annual coupon interest payments over the life of the bond. • If you borrow money to buy a house or a car, you will pay a stream of equal payments.

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years?

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? 0 1 2 3

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? 1000 0 1000 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=8 PMT = -1, 000 FV = Rs. 3, 246. 40 N=3

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years?

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution:

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n )

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 1, 000 (FVIFA. 08, 3 ) (use FVIFA table, or)

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 1, 000 (FVIFA. 08, 3 ) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i (use FVIFA table, or)

Future Value - annuity If you invest Rs. 1, 000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 1, 000 (FVIFA. 08, 3 ) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i FV = 1, 000 (1. 08)3 - 1. 08 (use FVIFA table, or) = Rs. 3246. 40

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%?

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? 0 1 2 3

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? 1000 0 1000 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=8 PMT = -1, 000 PV = Rs. 2, 577. 10 N=3

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? 1000 0 1000 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I=8 N=3 PMT = -1, 000 PV = Rs. 2, 577. 10

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%?

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution:

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n )

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) PV = 1, 000 (PVIFA. 08, 3 ) (use PVIFA table, or)

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) PV = 1, 000 (PVIFA. 08, 3 ) (use PVIFA table, or) PV = PMT 1 1 - (1 + i)n i

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) PV = 1, 000 (PVIFA. 08, 3 ) (use PVIFA table, or) PV = PMT 1 1 - (1 + i)n i PV = 1000 1 1 - (1. 08 )3. 08 = Rs. 2, 577. 10

The Time Value of Money 0 1 2 Other Cash Flow Patterns 3

Perpetuities • Suppose you will receive a fixed payment every period (month, year, etc. ) forever. This is an example of a perpetuity. • You can think of a perpetuity as an annuity that goes on forever.

Present Value of a Perpetuity • When we find the PV of an annuity, we think of the following relationship:

Present Value of a Perpetuity • When we find the PV of an annuity, we think of the following relationship: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n )

Mathematically,

Mathematically, (PVIFA i, n ) =

Mathematically, (PVIFA i, n ) = 1 - 1 n (1 + i) i

Mathematically, (PVIFA i, n ) = 1 - 1 n (1 + i) i We said that a perpetuity is an annuity where n = infinity. What happens to this formula when n gets very, very large?

When n gets very large,

When n gets very large, 1 - 1 n (1 + i) i

When n gets very large, 1 - 1 n (1 + i) i this becomes zero.

When n gets very large, 1 - 1 n (1 + i) this becomes zero. i 1 So we’re left with PVIFA = i

Present Value of a Perpetuity • So, the PV of a perpetuity is very simple to find:

Present Value of a Perpetuity • So, the PV of a perpetuity is very simple to find: PMT PV = i

What should you be willing to pay in order to receive Rs. 10, 000 annually forever, if you require 8% per year on the investment?

What should you be willing to pay in order to receive Rs. 10, 000 annually forever, if you require 8% per year on the investment? PV = PMT i = Rs. 10, 000. 08

What should you be willing to pay in order to receive Rs. 10, 000 annually forever, if you require 8% per year on the investment? PV = PMT i = Rs. 10, 000. 08 = Rs. 125, 000

Ordinary Annuity vs. Annuity Due Rs. 1000 4 5 Rs. 1000 6 Rs. 1000 7 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 4 1000 5 6 7 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 4 year 5 5 1000 year 6 6 1000 year 7 7 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 4 PV in END Mode year 5 5 1000 year 6 6 1000 year 7 7 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 4 year 5 5 1000 year 6 6 1000 year 7 7 PV FV in END Mode 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 4 5 1000 year 6 6 1000 year 7 7 year 8 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 4 5 1000 year 6 PV in BEGIN Mode 6 1000 year 7 7 year 8 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 4 5 1000 year 6 6 1000 year 7 7 year 8 8 PV FV in BEGIN Mode

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity:

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 0 1000 1 2 3

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 0 1000 1 2 3 Using an interest rate of 8%, we find that:

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 0 1000 1 2 3 Using an interest rate of 8%, we find that: • The Future Value (at 3) is Rs. 3, 246. 40.

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 0 1000 1 2 3 Using an interest rate of 8%, we find that: • The Future Value (at 3) is Rs. 3, 246. 40. • The Present Value (at 0) is Rs. 2, 577. 10.

What about this annuity? 1000 0 1 2 • Same 3 -year time line, • Same 3 Rs. 1000 cash flows, but • The cash flows occur at the beginning of each year, rather than at the end of each year. • This is an “annuity due. ” 3

Future Value - annuity due If you invest Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? 0 1 2 3

Future Value - annuity due If you invest Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? -1000 0 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1 I=8 N=3 PMT = -1, 000 FV = Rs. 3, 506. 11

Future Value - annuity due If you invest Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period:

Future Value - annuity due If you invest Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i)

Future Value - annuity due If you invest Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) FV = 1, 000 (FVIFA. 08, 3 ) (1. 08) (use FVIFA table, or)

Future Value - annuity due If you invest Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) FV = 1, 000 (FVIFA. 08, 3 ) (1. 08) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i (1 + i) (use FVIFA table, or)

Future Value - annuity due If you invest Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) FV = 1, 000 (FVIFA. 08, 3 ) (1. 08) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i (use FVIFA table, or) (1 + i) FV = 1, 000 (1. 08)3 - 1 = Rs. 3, 506. 11 (1. 08). 08

Present Value - annuity due What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years, if your opportunity cost is 8%? 0 1 2 3

Present Value - annuity due What is the PV of Rs. 1, 000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years, if your opportunity cost is 8%? 1000 0 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1 I=8 N=3 PMT = 1, 000 PV = Rs. 2, 783. 26

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution:

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period:

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i)

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) PV = 1, 000 (PVIFA. 08, 3 ) (1. 08) (use PVIFA table, or)

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) PV = 1, 000 (PVIFA. 08, 3 ) (1. 08) PV = PMT 1 1 - (1 + i)n i (1 + i) (use PVIFA table, or)

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) PV = 1, 000 (PVIFA. 08, 3 ) (1. 08) PV = PMT PV = 1000 1 1 - (1 + i)n i 1 - 1 (1. 08 )3. 08 (use PVIFA table, or) (1 + i) (1. 08) = Rs. 2, 783. 26

Uneven Cash Flows -10, 000 2, 000 0 1 4, 000 6, 000 7, 000 2 3 4 • Is this an annuity? • How do we find the PV of a cash flow stream when all of the cash flows are different? (Use a 10% discount rate).

Uneven Cash Flows -10, 000 2, 000 0 1 4, 000 6, 000 7, 000 2 3 4 • Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. We have to discount each cash flow back separately.

-10, 000 2, 000 0 1 4, 000 6, 000 7, 000 2 3 4 period CF PV (CF) 0 -10, 000. 00 1 2, 000 1, 818. 18 2 4, 000 3, 305. 79 3 6, 000 4, 507. 89 4 7, 000 4, 781. 09 PV of Cash Flow Stream: Rs. 4, 412. 95

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) Which is the better loan: • 8% compounded annually, or • 7. 85% compounded quarterly? • We can’t compare these nominal (quoted) interest rates, because they don’t include the same number of compounding periods per year! We need to calculate the APY.

Annual Percentage Yield (APY)

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = (1+ quoted rate m ) m - 1

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = (1+ quoted rate m ) m - 1 • Find the APY for the quarterly loan:

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = (1+ ) quoted rate m m - 1 • Find the APY for the quarterly loan: APY = ( . 0785 1+ 4 ) 4 - 1

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = (1+ ) quoted rate m m - 1 • Find the APY for the quarterly loan: APY = ( . 0785 1+ 4 ) 4 APY =. 0808, or 8. 08% - 1

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = (1+ ) quoted rate m m - 1 • Find the APY for the quarterly loan: APY = ( . 0785 1+ 4 ) 4 - 1 APY =. 0808, or 8. 08% • The quarterly loan is more expensive than the 8% loan with annual compounding!

Practice Problems

Example • Cash flows from an investment are expected to be Rs. 40, 000 per year at the end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you require a 20% rate of return, what is the PV of these cash flows?

Example • Cash flows from an investment are expected to be Rs. 40, 000 per year at the end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you require a 20% rate of return, what is the PV of these cash flows? Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 • This type of cash flow sequence is often called a “deferred annuity. ”

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately. Or,

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2) Find the PV of the annuity: PV: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; PMT = 40, 000; N = 5 PV = Rs. 119, 624

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2) Find the PV of the annuity: PV 3: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; PMT = 40, 000; N = 5 PV 3= Rs. 119, 624

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 119, 624

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 119, 624 Then discount this single sum back to time 0. PV: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; N = 3; FV = 119, 624; Solve: PV = Rs. 69, 226

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 69, 226 119, 624

Rs. 0 0 40 40 40 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 69, 226 119, 624 • The PV of the cash flow stream is Rs. 69, 226.

Retirement Example • After graduation, you plan to invest Rs. 400 per month in the stock market. If you earn 12% per year on your stocks, how much will you have accumulated when you retire in 30 years?

Retirement Example • After graduation, you plan to invest Rs. 400 per month in the stock market. If you earn 12% per year on your stocks, how much will you have accumulated when you retire in 30 years? 400 0 400 1 2 3 400. . . 360

400 0 400 1 2 3 400. . . 360

400 0 400 1 2 3 • Using your calculator, P/YR = 12 N = 360 PMT = -400 I%YR = 12 FV = Rs. 1, 397, 985. 65 400. . . 360

Retirement Example If you invest Rs. 400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30?

Retirement Example If you invest Rs. 400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution:

Retirement Example If you invest Rs. 400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n )

Retirement Example If you invest Rs. 400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 400 (FVIFA. 01, 360 ) (can’t use FVIFA table)

Retirement Example If you invest Rs. 400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 400 (FVIFA. 01, 360 ) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i (can’t use FVIFA table)

Retirement Example If you invest Rs. 400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 400 (FVIFA. 01, 360 ) (can’t use FVIFA table) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i FV = 400 (1. 01)360 - 1. 01 = Rs. 1, 397, 985. 65

House Payment Example If you borrow Rs. 100, 000 at 7% fixed interest for 30 years in order to buy a house, what will be your monthly house payment?

? 0 ? ? 1 2 3 ? . . . 360

? 0 ? ? 1 2 3 • Using your calculator, P/YR = 12 N = 360 I%YR = 7 PV = Rs. 100, 000 PMT = -Rs. 665. 30 ? . . . 360

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution:

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n )

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) 100, 000 = PMT (PVIFA. 07, 360 ) (can’t use PVIFA table)

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) 100, 000 = PMT (PVIFA. 07, 360 ) PV = PMT 1 1 - (1 + i)n i (can’t use PVIFA table)

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) 100, 000 = PMT (PVIFA. 07, 360 ) PV = PMT (can’t use PVIFA table) 1 1 - (1 + i)n i 100, 000 = PMT 1 - 1 (1. 005833 )360. 005833 PMT=Rs. 665. 30

Team Assignment Upon retirement, your goal is to spend 5 years traveling around the world. To travel in style will require Rs. 250, 000 per year at the beginning of each year. If you plan to retire in 30 years, what are the equal monthly payments necessary to achieve this goal? The funds in your retirement account will compound at 10% annually.

250 250 250 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 • How much do we need to have by the end of year 30 to finance the trip? • PV 30 = PMT (PVIFA. 10, 5) (1. 10) = = 250, 000 (3. 7908) (1. 10) = = Rs. 1, 042, 470

250 250 250 27 28 29 30 31 Using your calculator, Mode = BEGIN PMT = -Rs. 250, 000 N=5 I%YR = 10 P/YR = 1 PV = Rs. 1, 042, 466 32 33 34 35

250 250 250 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1, 042, 466 • Now, assuming 10% annual compounding, what monthly payments will be required for you to have Rs. 1, 042, 466 at the end of year 30? 35

250 250 250 27 28 29 30 31 1, 042, 466 · Using your calculator, Mode = END N = 360 I%YR = 10 P/YR = 12 FV = Rs. 1, 042, 466 PMT = -Rs. 461. 17 32 33 34 35

• So, you would have to place Rs. 461. 17 in your retirement account, which earns 10% annually, at the end of each of the next 360 months to finance the 5 -year world tour.