THE SOUTH AND WEST TRANSFORMED PART II THE

THE SOUTH AND WEST TRANSFORMED PART II: THE NEW WEST

GREAT AMERICAN DESERT

► ARID ► LITTLE THE GREAT PLAINS WATER, TIMBER ► EARLIEST SETTLERS BYPASSED THE PLAINS ► -------------------► MINING, TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD COMPLETION (1869) ► BUFFALO DESTRUCTION ► INDIAN DESTRUCTION ► RANGE-CATTLE INDUSTRY ► DRY FARMING & IRRIGATION

MINING ACROSS U. S.

BOOM AND BUST INDUSTRIES DOMINATE THE AMERICAN WEST ► MINING ► LOGGING ► RANCHING/FARMING ► RAILROADS ► DOT. COM

WESTERN SETTLEMENT ► 14 NEW STATES CREATED AFTER CIVIL WAR ► MASS MIGRATION § BLACKS, MEXICANS, CHINESE, INDIANS § AIDED BY RAILROADS: 200, 000 MILES BY 1897 ► HOMESTEAD ACT (1862) § 10% ALL LANDS IN U. S. SETTLED THIS WAY ► OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH (1889) § 2 MILLION ACRES CLAIMED IN ONE DAY

CERTIFICATE OF HOMESTEAD GIVEN UNDER HOMSTEAD ACT NEBRASKA (1868)

OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

INDIANS VS. U. S. GOVERNMENT ► 1860 -1890 ► TREATIES SIGNED, VIOLATED: ENDLESS CYCLE ► SAND CREEK MASSACRE (1864) ► BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN/CUSTER’S LAST STAND (1876) ► BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE (1890) ► SIOUX TRIBE LED FIGHT AGAINST U. S. GOVERNMENT

BUFFALO ► 1750 – 30 MILLION BUFFALO IN U. S. ► 1850 – LESS THAN 10 MILLION ► 1900 – ONLY A FEW HUNDRED LEFT (ALMOST EXTINCT) “EVERY BUFFALO DEAD IS AN INDIAN GONE” --COLONEL RICHARD DODGE, U. S. ARMY

I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all to pieces. . . With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there, from sucking infants up to warriors. . . By whom were they mutilated? By the United States troops. . . ” —- John S. Smith, Congressional Testimony of Mr. John S. Smith, 1865

CUSTER’S LAST STAND, 1876

SCENE OF CUSTER’S LAST STAND; PILE OF BONES

GHOST DANCE – SPIRITUAL DANCE WHERE DEAD WOULD RETURN AND LIFE WOULD BE RESTORED TO THE DAYS OF OLD WOVOKA, PAIUTE LEADER; LEADER OF GHOST DANCE

SIOUX TRIBE IN COSTUME FOR CEREMONIAL DANCE

BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE MASS GRAVE FOR DEAD AT WOUNDED KNEE

Big Foot (Sitanka), a Miniconjou Sioux of Cheyenne River Reservation, South Dakota

THE CORPSE OF BIG FOOT AFTER BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE

BIG FOOT’S CAMP AFTER BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE, 1890

DAWES ACT ► 1887 ► GRANTED CITIZENSHIP AND LAND OWNERSHIP TO INDIANS ► LAND IN TRUST OF TRIBE FOR 25 YEARS, THEN INDIANS BECOME FULL CITIZENS ► 1887 -1934 - TRIBES LOST 86 OUT OF 130 MILLION ACRES OF LAND

FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER’S THESIS ► 1890 - END OF THE FRONTIER ACCORDING TO THE U. S. CENSUS ► TURNER WROTE “THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY” ► DELIVERED TO THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION IN 1893 ► THE FRONTIER SHAPED THE AMERICAN CHARACTER § AMERICAN RUGGGED INDIVIDUALISM SHAPED BY EXPERIENCES ON THE FRONTIER