The roles of improved varieties of Cassava in

The roles of improved varieties of Cassava in the development of Cassava Value Chains R. Okechukwu, G. Tarawali, K. Dashiell, and N. Sanginga IITA , Nigeria The 1 ST NBGN cassava investment forum, 07 November, 2013 Venue: IBETO HOTEL, 34, David Ejoor Crescent, Gudu District, near Apo Legislative quarters, Abuja A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Improved cassava varieties Varieties officially released in Nigeria Pre-1990 1. NR 41044 2. TMS 30555 3. TMS 50395 4. TMS 30001 1990 onwards 1. TMS 30572 2. TMS 4(2)1425 3. TMS 91934 4. NR 8208 5. NR 8083 6. NR 83107 7. NR 8212 8. NR 8082 9. TMS 81/00110 10. TMS 90257 11. TMS 84537 12. TMS 82/00058 13. TMS 82/00661 2005 -Date 1. 97/2205 2. 98/0581 3. 98/0505 4. 98/0510 5. TME 419 6. TMS 92/0326 7. TMS 96/1632 8. TMS 98/0002 9. TMS 92/0057 10. NR 87184 11. TMS 96/1089 A 12. NR 930199 13. TMS 01/1371 14. TMS 01/1368 15. TMS 01/1235 A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Cassava Key characteristics of some released varieties: Cassava High and stable root yield High root dry matter (starch) content Drought tolerance High root pro-vitamin A content Early maturity Low cyanogenic potential of roots Disease resistance (cassava mosaic, anthracnose, bacterial blight) A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Yield of improved vs local cassava varieties Edo Bayelsa Cross River Akwa Ibom Ebonyi Enugu Anambra Imo Improved varieties Rivers Local varieties Delta Abia 0 5 15 10 20 25 Yield across States (t/ha) 30 35 ü CNN reported 50 t/ha by Zimbabwe farmers in Kwara A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Stem multiplication and distribution Onne, Rivers State Secondary School, Nenwe, Enugu State A member of CGIAR consortium Gokana LGA, Cross River State Stem sales, Uromi, Edo State www. iita. org

The value chain A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Cassava root processing steps Fresh cassava root from farm Peeling and washing of roots Chipping Grating Wet Grating Chopping Pressing & cake breaking Washing Fermenting Soaking Drying Sifting Decanting Pressing & cake breaking Pulping & Sieving & Dewatering Sorting Milling Drying Breaking Sifting Sieving with Muslin cloth Drying Packaging Sifting Milling and Sifting Drying Roasting Dewatering or Pressing Milling Dried chips Packaging Milling Sifting Drying & Milling Packaging High quality flour Packaging Lafun Starch (Native) Gari Fufu (Dried instant powder) A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Matna (Starch) Capacity ; 100 t/day of fresh roots. Produces starch at about 35% of its full capacity A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Formation of efficient clusters to increase commercialization Limitations for Large scale processors § Operating at 30% capacity § Transport and supply raw materials EKHA clusters A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Improved performance Food security Before intervention Increased flow of raw materials A member of CGIAR consortium Agro processing Afterwards Increased industrial output www. iita. org

Mobilization workshops/cluster formation No of farmers mobilized = 1085 EKHA clusters, Ondo EKHA clusters, on-farm visit, Ogun A member of CGIAR consortium MATNA clusters, Ondo NSM clusters, Imo www. iita. org

Extension leaflets Each distributed to about 4000 farmers A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Morphological characterization and Identification of cassava Varieties A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Color of apical leaves Light green Dark green A member of CGIAR consortium Purple green Purple www. iita. org

Leaf shape Linear Elliptic-lanceolate Lanceolate Pandurate A member of CGIAR consortium Ovoid www. iita. org

Number of leaf lobe Three lobes Seven lobes A member of CGIAR consortium Five lobes Nine lobes www. iita. org

Leaf color Light green A member of CGIAR consortium Dark green www. iita. org

Color of leaf vein Light Red Greenish-red A member of CGIAR consortium Red Light Green www. iita. org

Petiole color Purple Greenish-red A member of CGIAR consortium Reddishgreen Greenishpurple Yellowishgreen www. iita. org

Orientation of petiole Horizontal A member of CGIAR consortium Inclined downward Inclined upward www. iita. org

Level of branching No branching Medium branching (1 -2 m) Low branching (< 1 m) A member of CGIAR consortium High branching (> 2 m) www. iita. org

Branching habit of cassava stem Erect Tricotomous A member of CGIAR consortium Dicotomous Tetracotomous www. iita. org

Shapes of cassava plant Cylindrical A member of CGIAR consortium Open Umbrella Compact www. iita. org

Color of stem exterior Silver green Dark brown Light brown A member of CGIAR consortium Orange Silver www. iita. org

Growth habit of young stem Zig-zag A member of CGIAR consortium Straight www. iita. org

Color of stem epidermis Orange Dark brown Light brown A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Color of stem cortex Light green A member of CGIAR consortium Dark green www. iita. org

Resources needed to start cassava production business • • Knowledge, education, and business plan Good source of inputs (seed, agrochemicals, fertilizer) Money Personnel Machinery Land/building Water Entrepreneurial skills – – Credit management Organizing and time management Costing and pricing Risk management A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Production enterprises • Seed enterprise • Root production enterprise • Leaf enterprise • Farm input provider – – Farm machinery Fertilizer Agrochemical Transport A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Land Acquisition • Location • Vegetation-Topography • Size • Soil type • Community relations • Fire • Cattle Fulani A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Need to Mechanize 1 ha / hour / 3 persons Manual planting 1 ha / day (12 persons) A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

The only way to reduce production cost is to mechanise at the farm level Cost Reduction Effects 100% A member of CGIAR consortium 13. 6% 11. 6% 27. 9% 40. 5% www. iita. org

Challenges in the cassava seed sector • Variety type – High yield, dry matter, starch content etc • Source of stem • Stem Age • Quantity needed • Price per bundle • Transportation • Handling of stems • Across season storage A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Seed system business model • • Lack of a good business model for private seed companies has prevented seed companies including cassava seed production in their activities. ---------------------------Join the variety release process Seek exclusivity for premium stock for 2 years (release 40% to official channel) Provide additional information on new varieties from inhouse testing. Advertise, market, and promote new stock In collaboration with the variety release committee run a 3 year cycle of new varieties A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Minimum standards for certification and quality control Max. permitted Level Quality control parameter Foundation Certified Off type 10% 20% Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) 10% 50% Scale insects 0% 0% Cassava Mealybug 10% 20% Cassava Green Mite 10% 20% Cassava Anthracnose Disease (CAD) 10% 20% CBB 10% 20% Note: CBB, CGM, only plants with severity >3 are scored; Evaluations for off-types, CMD, Scale insects, CM, and CGM shall be carried out at each inspection, and symptoms of Anthracnose on mature stems shall be carried out at final inspections. All diseased plants and stands infested with insect pests shall be rouged out along with their roots and burnt. A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Breeding Vitamin A Cassava for Nigeria and DR Congo • Biofortification Goal: Enhance pro. Vitamin A content of cassava roots to reduce micronutrient deficiencies especially for women and children • An economic and sustainable way to address hidden hunger A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

• Vitamin A Cassava Varieties Released in Nigeria in 2011 • Harvest Plus delivery of planting materials to 100, 000 farmers in 2013 Virus Disease Severity Fresh Tuber Yield Dry matter Total carotene score t/ha % μg/g frwt TMS I 011368 2. 9 21. 4 28. 0 6. 1 TMS I 011371 1. 2 22. 1 26. 5 8. 1 TMS I 011412 1. 0 29. 6 29. 0 6. 4 TMS I 30572 (chk) 2. 8 21. 0 38. 0 0. 6 Clone A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Vitamin A Cassava Variety - IITA TMS I 011371 A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Natural Resource Management • Low native soil fertility • Soil exposed to erosion Good canopy • Increased leaching (N and K; also Ca, Mg, S) serious under high rainfall • Soil temperature increases, accelerating organic matter decomposition (C, N and S loss) • Climate change, less water and nutrient uptake CASSAVA: CROP REMOVAL • • 10 tons/ha tubers: 30 kg N, 4 kg P, 20 kg K 50 tons/ha: 140 kg N, 20 kg P, 125 kg K +removal of planting sticks: 340 N , 40 P , 270 K Leaf harvest increases N removal A member of CGIAR consortium It is not only cassava that does this www. iita. org

4(2)1425 0 A member of CGIAR consortium TMS 30572 TME 419 M 98/0068 M 98/0040 M 98/0028 99/6012 99/3073 99/2123 98/2226 98/2101 98/0581 98/0510 98/0505 98/0002 97/4779 97/4763 97/3200 97/2205 97/0211 97/0162 96/1642 96/1632 96/1569 96/1565 96/1089 A 96/0603 96/0523 95/0379 95/0289 95/0166 94/0561 94/0039 94/0026 92 B/00068 92 B/00061 92/0326 92/0325 92/0067 92/0057 91/02324 82/00058 Percent change in Fresh root yield 70 60 50 40 Fresh yield (t/ha) Fertilizers for cassava 100 90 19 80 18. 8271 30 20 10 18 F LSD = 0. 57 Percent change: 5. 23 18. 6 18. 4 18. 2 17. 8915 17. 6 17. 4 0. 0 NF • Type (macro and micro nutrients) • Rate by varieties • Time of application www. iita. org

Plant density and weed control • Orientation (Horizontal, Vertical, Inclined) • Population (10, 000 at harvest = 12, 500 at planting • Time (Broad, allow 60 dates of rains before drought stress) • Manual weeding is expensive, herbicide use - recommended (Skills and supply chains needed) • Groundcover ability of varieties – (Cheapest method) A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Chemical weed control Use of herbicide in WA to control weeds in cassava is generally low and ranged from 3 – 37. 6% A member of CGIAR consortium • Non availability herbicides. • High cost of herbicides. • Lack of capital to procure sprayer. • Lack technical skills required to use herbicides. • Fear of crop damage and health and environmental hazard. • Adulteration. www. iita. org

Weed control • Youth empowerment • Gender main streaming A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Harvesting Labour intensive & expensive • Time – Weather, Market, • Method – Manual, Mechanized A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Develop cluster farming around processing sites Competitive commercial cassava cultivation training A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Recommendations 1. Capacity development that leads to lowered cost of production; linkage to market 2. Develop next generation of business oriented farmers 3. Develop and improve access to cassava production supportive technologies (seed, fertilizer, credit, herbicide, mechanization) A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Recommendations 4. Develop a formal seed system to complement the informal sector 5. Provide options and promote sustainable land management 6. Improve regional network of cassava R&D workers A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org

Thank you for your attention A member of CGIAR consortium www. iita. org