The Roaring Twenties Presidents of the 1920

The Roaring Twenties

Presidents of the 1920 s: A Return to Conservative Politics • Warren G. Harding – – – – Republican Elected in 1920 “Return to Normalcy” • “Return to Normalcy” March 1921 to August 1923 Died in office in 1923 (died in office) Domestic Agenda Domestic Issues • Suspect Cabinet—”Ohio • Fordney-Mc. Cumber Tariff Gang” (1922)—very high Teapot Dome Scandal— • Suspect Cabinet—”Ohio Gang” Albert B. Fall • Teapot Dome Scandal—Albert – Foreign Policy B. Fall • Isolationism & Peace Keeping – Foreign Policy • Isolationism & Disarmament • Washington Naval Conference (1921) • Dawes Plan 2

Presidents of the 1920 s: A Return to Conservative Politics • Calvin Coolidge – Republican – Took office upon death of Harding (1923). – Re-elected 1924 – Domestic Issues • Cleaned up scandals of the Harding Administration. • Restored the image of the Republican Party. • “The business of America is business. ” – Foreign Policy • Isolationism • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 3

Cultural Changes: Immigration • Literacy Test • Quota System to limit immigration – 1921 Emergency Quota Act • 3% of those here in 1910 – 1924 National Origins Act • 2% of the people here in 1890 – ‘closing’ the Golden Door – Eugenics: science used to prove racial/ethnic inferiority 4

Cultural Changes: Ku Klux Klan • KKK rises again in 1915 • Targets Blacks, Jews, Catholics, and Immigrants • “invisible Empire” • Led by an Imperial Wizard or Grand Dragon • 5 -6 million participants 5

Cultural Changes: Fundamentalism vs. Modernism • Age-old argument – Religion (fundamentalists) vs. science – Often rural vs. urban • Scopes Trial – John Scopes—biology teacher in Tennessee – Clarence Darrow—defense attorney – William Jennings Bryan— prosecuting attorney – Outcome? 6

Consumerism of the 1920 s: “Spending Money Is the American Way” • Mass Production – Assembly line – Scientific management (Taylor) • Electrical Conveniences – Electricity available in more places – Refrigerators, Irons, Stoves, Toasters, Vacuums, Furnaces, Lighting • Shopping – Emergence of Advertising • Reinforce buying things that we don’t need • Create a need – Emergence of Credit • The installment plan • Down payment, Monthly payments, Interest • Buy now! Pay later! 7

1920 s Cultural Clashes: 8

1920 s: Changes in Transportation 9

Changes in Transportation: The Automobile • • Henry Ford (assembly line) Huge impact on society – – – Construction of paved roads Patterns of settlement—suburbs Petroleum industry Rubber industry Glass industry Steel industry Repair shops Parking lots Hotels & Motels Restaurants Amusement parks Dating 10

Changes in Transportation: The Airplane • The Wright Brothers (1903) – Kitty Hawk, North Carolina • 1920 Transcontinental Airmail Service • Charles Lindbergh (May 2021, 1927) – New York to Paris (nonstop) – Solo – 33 hours, 29 minutes – Perhaps the greatest American hero of the 1920 s! • Amelia Earhart 11

1920 s: Cultural Changes: Prohibition • 18 th Amendment passed outlawing the “manufacture, sell, or transport” of alcoholic beverages. • Impossible to enforce: – Lacked funding – Lacked political will • Urban vs. Rural– passed by rural strength • “Drys vs. wets”---Scofflaws • Proof that the “Noble Experiment” failed! • Repealed in 1932 12

Prohibition breeds crime • Crime on the Rise – Organized Crime: • Al Capone • St. Valentine’s Day Massacre • Jailed on tax evasion – Bootleggers and Speakeasies – NASCAR – Repealed in 1933 (21 st Amendment) • Utah cast the deciding vote 13

Cultural Changes: Women Victorian Era 1860 s -1900 1920 s 14

New Woman vs. Victorian Woman • Women became more independent and risk-taking • More women going to college. Many wanted to change the cultural norms • Women moving into the work place. – Typewriters – Telephones • Married later with fewer children. • The Flapper: (not all were women flappers) – Changed attire: short dresses – Behavior: “new morality” 15

Rise of African American Culture: The Harlem Renaissance • Birth of art and literature in the Black community • By-product of the Great Migration • Writers: explored the pain and joy of being Black – Claude Mc. Kay – Langston Hughes – Zora Neale Hurston 16

Rise of African American Culture: Marcus Garvey & the UNIA • Argued in opposition to NAACP • “Keep Black dollars in Black businesses & the Black community. ” • “Back to Africa” Movement – Raised money – Purchased ships (Black Star Line) – Many sunk – Jailed for mail fraud. Deported from the country. 17

Rise of African American Culture: Jazz Music • Perhaps the greatest cultural symbol of the 1920 s. • “Blended instrumental ragtime” with “vocal blues. ” Improvised! • Performers: – Louis Armstrong (trumpet) – Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (piano) – Bessie Smith (vocals) 18

The 1920 s: The Rise of Popular Culture, “Pop Culture”

Rise of Popular Culture: Sports • Participation sports – – – Baseball Football Golf Tennis Swimming Biking • Spectator sports – Boxing – Football – Baseball • Heroes – Gertrude Ederle (swam the English Channel) – Jack Dempsey (Heavyweight) – George Herman “Babe” Ruth – Red Grange "If you have the football and 11 guys are after you, if you're smart, you'll run. " 20

Rise of Popular Culture: Literature • The “lost Generation” who no longer had faith in cultural norms. They looked for new truths. • F. Scott Fitzgerald – “The Jazz Age” – The Great Gatsby • Ernest Hemingway – The Sun Also Rises – A Farewell to Arms 21

Rise of Popular Culture: Magazines & Newspapers –Reader’s Digest –Time –Life 22

Rise of Popular Culture: Mass Media • The “Golden Age” of Radio – First commercial radio station—KDKA in Pittsburgh – Radio programs—comedy, drama, science fiction, children’s programs – Music, sports, News 23

Rise of Popular Culture: Motion Pictures • Charlie Chaplain—”the little tramp” • Rudolph Valentino— ”heart throb” • The Jazz Singer (1927) —first with sound • Steamboat Willie (1928) – Introduced Mickey Mouse to the world – First cartoon with sound 24

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“The Lynching” by Claude Mc. Kay His spirit is smoke ascended to high heaven. His father, by the cruelest way of pain, Had bidden him to his bosom once again; The awful sin remained still unforgiven. All night a bright and solitary star (Perchance the one that ever guided him, Yet gave him up at last to Fate's wild whim) Hung pitifully o'er the swinging char. Day dawned, and soon the mixed crowds came to view The ghastly body swaying in the sun: The women thronged to look, but never a one Showed sorrow in her eyes of steely blue; And little lads, lynchers that were to be, Danced round the dreadful thing in fiendish glee. 26

“A Negro Speaks of Rivers” By Langston Hughes I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. 27

“A Dream Deferred” Langston Hughes Harlem What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore–then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-- like syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode? 28