The Road to Independence Unit two Chapter Four

The Road to Independence Unit two: Chapter Four

A graphic illustration of how tensions b/c England its American colonies intensified from 1619 to 1763. Elected Assemblies Great Migration Proclamation Cost of of 1763 French and Indian Appointed Indian War Navigation Governors War Acts England Stations Permanent Army

F & I war ends: • Strained Colonial Relations: • British felt that Colonists didn’t pull their weight. • Americans were shocked at how bad the British military tactics were. • Americans strong beliefs: • Loss of respect of the British military. • Did not believe the British shared the same values as the Americans and did not treat them with the respect they deserved as British subjects.

Salutary Neglect Ends • Mercantilism • Government’s policy to be richer, stronger, and larger than any other nation through trade and commerce. • Colonies important in this: • Supplied raw materials • Had few industries of their own • What does this mean for GB? • Ready market for GB goods

Trade and taxes • Colonies were part of the Triangular Trade Route • Took rum from the colonies from Africa, slaves from Africa to West Indies, & molasses from West Indies to America. • 2 types of taxes GB imposed on America: • Direct • Tax levied directly on individuals by the gov’t • Indirect • Tax hidden in price of item

Why did GB tax the Colonies so much? ? ? • 1 - GB had huge war debt. • 2 - Many in GB felt colonists should be responsible for much of the debt b/c the war was fought to protect them.

Reasons why, cont. • 3 - GB felt they needed to exercise stricter control over the “upstart” colonies. • 4 - GB wanted to insure own market, while ending competition in the colonies from other European nations.

So how else can we show them we are boss? • Tax the heck out of them!!!! How might the new policies upset the colonists? Are taxes the only thing that are bothering the colonists? ? ?

Issues behind the Revolution

Issues Behind the Revolution • British Pass Proclamation of 1763 • Deal b/t GB & Indians; No settlement west of Appl. Mtns. • Protest the closure of lands, some ignore & Indians attack, GB sends troops to patrol lands • British Pass Sugar Act 1764 • Tax on sugar and molasses • Written protests, occasional boycotts, repealed in 1766, “No Taxation Without Representation” • British pass Currency Act (don’t need to write) • Banned colonies from printing currency & had to pay all debt in specie (gold or silver) • Drained colonial gold reserves

More issues… • British pass Quartering Act 1765 • Colonies had to build/provide barracks (Housing) for British troops • Colonial legislatures refused to provide for troops (New York Assembly suspended for refusal) • British pass Stamp Act 1765 • Tax on all paper goods • Violent protests, Stamp Act Congress formed, boycott all British goods, Sons of Liberty more active • British pass Declaratory Act • Stated that Parliament had the right to tax colonies b/c they represented all British men • Stronger cry “no taxation without representation!”

More Issues: • Townshend Acts 1767 • Tax on glass, tea, lead and paint • Repealed in 1770 (too hard to collect); tea tax stayed − Committee of Correspondence becomes very active − Boston Massacre

Boston Massacre: March 5, 1770 • Crowd – 50 or 60 • Threw: • Sticks, snowballs, rocks at Redcoats outside Customs House. • Soldiers opened first • Killed 5 • Including Crispus Attucks – slave • 1 st deaths leading up to revolution https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =O 05 r. NWyg. HF 4

The Boston Tea Party • Tea Act 1773 • Boston Tea Party − Dressed as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 chests of tea − $75, 000 value then (over 1 million today) • Britain passed Intolerable/Coercive Acts to punish Boston. • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 c. T_Z 0 KGh. P 8&list=P LIhqfb. AUYf. DFCui. QD 9 ZRAFti. HTA 11 d. Pli&index=18 • Ted Ed

And More Issues… • Coercive Acts 1774 (Intolerable Acts) • Following the “destruction of the tea” • The Port Bill • closed port of Boston until Tea is paid for • Massachusetts Government Act • British take over all government function • No town meetings w/o permission • Quartering Act (New) • No more barracks, redcoats living in homes • Administration of Justice Act • British royal officials charged of crimes were tried in GB, not colonies

Effects of the Intolerables • Boycotts organized • EX: Homespun clothes, not GB wools • Non-importation agreements: • Won’t buy GB goods! • Sons and Daughters of Liberty • Protest with organized resistance • Effigies • Dummies hung from “liberty trees”

Increased Tar and Featherings https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h. FWZ 925 z. K 0 A

NO more Kings! • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =t-9 p. DZMRCp. Q Paul Revere’s Famous Ride Debunked • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =Qe. QGWTBl 2 x 8

First Continental Congress • Sep. 1774 – Philly • 56 Delegates, 12 Colonies • Wrote to King George demanding: • 1. Repeal of Coercive/Intolerab le Acts • 2. Rights to life, liberty and property • 3. Rights for colonial legislatures • Agreed to: • Support each other • Carry on/increase boycotts • Est. militias & stockpile weapons!

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World! • April 19, 1775 …. It starts! • 700 GB soldiers sent to Concord to destroy weapons • Led by: Gage • Sons of Liberty sent Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott & Dawes (40 others) to warn of GB approach.

The shot heard round the world! • Lexington and Concord • British reached Lexington – met by 70 minutemen • 8 colonists killed, 10 wounded, 1 GB soldier wounded. • Colonists disperse. • March on Concord • Find little gunpowder • On way to Boston, attacked by minutemen. − 250 GB and 100 Amer killed

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World • https: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=r. ZMm. PWTw. THc

Second Continental Congress • Olive Branch Petition – Ben Franklin • Set up a United Defense • Continental Army • Approved Washington as Commander

“Fighting For Independence” • British Strengths: • Well equipped and disciplined army. • Strong navy. • Help from ______. • Loyalists British Weaknesses: • Unpopular war. • Unknown and hostile land. • Unfamiliar fighting tactics. • American Strengths: • Home field advantage. • Determination • Guerrilla warfare. American Weaknesses: • Inexperienced and disorganized military. • Needs help from abroad.

Progression of the Revolution Major Battles and their significance

Fort Ticonderoga, NY • May 1775 • Green Mtn. Boys from Vermont attacked and captured fort full of British supplies. Bunker Hill • June 1775 • Americans occupied hill in Boston • 3 GB attacks up hill led by Thomas Gage • “Gentleman’s war” • Amer lost on 3 rd attack, but still moral victory • GB 40% casualties

December 1775… • George III hires Hessians • Colonists are divided: • Patriots, Loyalists, Neutral

But it’s not just about physical war… • Common Sense • Book by Thomas Paine • Spread the idea of breaking away from England • It is common sense that we should rule ourselves… instead of being ruled by a small Kingdom one whole ocean away!

Who else is influencing the colonists? • John Locke • “natural rights” • Gov’t is for the good of the people • “Social contract” • Baron de Montesquieu • Ditto to Locke • 3 branches of gov’t

The Declaration of Independence

School House Rock! • Fireworks • https: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=gd. ZYy. Y 7 g 8 g 4

It’s too late to apologize. . . https: //www. youtube. com /watch? v=u. Zf. Ra. WAt. BVg https: //www. youtube. com /watch? v=A_56 c. ZGRMx 4 with lyrics

More… • August 1776: NYC • 32, 000 GB soldiers take and hold NYC for next 7 years • GB offers pardons to American army • Washington refuses and retreats

Dec. 1776 – Trenton, NJ • Christmas night • Washington crosses Delaware River and attacks 1300 Hessians • Surprise attack! Kill/capture 1, 000 • Victory boosts Patriots! • Doctors found note on Johan Rall (Hessian leader) warning of attack – not even opened!

American problems… • Congress couldn’t tax • Wealthy merchants loaned $$ • Lack of soldiers • Planting season • Fighting in area only • Lack of supplies • Needed aid from French • Ben Franklin went to smooze

Sep/Oct 1777 Brandywine & Germantown, PA • GB victories that led to capture of Philly • 2 nd Continental Congress fled • GB later evacuated city to concentrate on NYC Oct 1777 Saratoga, NY • Important American victory • GB attempted to split colonies in half • Turning point!!! • Led to French alliance • Patriots began to believe they could win

Winter 1777/8 Valley Forge, PA • Winter encampment of American Army • 10, 000 soldiers • ¼ died from: • Lack of food, cold, frozen feet amputated, lack of shoes, smallpox • Washington used time to train • Unbeatable! Sep 1780 Capture of Benedict Arnold • Trusted general served under GW • Wounded at Saratoga • Milit Gov of Philly • Tried to give GB fort at West Point • Notes intercepted • Escaped, fled on the Vulture • Joined GB, moved back

Oct 1780 Fighting in South • Gen Cornwallis switched tactics and decided to attack from the south thru S and NC • Support of loyalists • Planned to march to VA and meet up with GB, to split USA in half. Oct 1781 Yorktown, VA • French ships jeopardized GB blockade of Amer ports • Kept GB from arriving on coast • GW attacked Cornwallis with help of French led by Marquis de La. Fayette • GB surrenders!!!

Section #5: Winning Independence • American Hardships: • Financing the War. • Disruptions in Trade. • Blockade • Profiteering • Inflation • Treaty of Paris (1783) • British recognize U. S. A. as an independent nation • Land borders • Return Florida to Spain

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution • Causes • Proclamation of 1763 stops colonists from moving west. • Parliament taxes colonies to pay British war debts. • Intolerable Acts set up harsh rule in Massachusetts. • Effects • Colonies declare independence. • British surrender at Yorktown. • British recognize American independence. • U. S. borders extend to Florida and Mississippi River. • United States Constitution is adopted.