The rise spread of islam 622 c

The rise & spread of islam 622 c. e. to 1450 c. e. Calligraphy says, “Salam. ”

Mohammed • Merchant from Mecca • Last prophet • Fled to Medina in 622 starting the Islamic calendar (hijra) Mohammed is traditionally pictured without a face in order to avoid the issue of people worshiping him and not God.

Basics of Islam • 5 Pillars of Faith – Do you know them? • • Monotheistic Koran (Qu ŕan) Kabba Mosques - minarets Egypt Kabba in Mecca

Concepts in Islam • Hadith – the deeds and speeches of Mohammed • Imam – religious leader chosen by age or status • Mullah – local religious leader

• Islam unifies the Empire • Islam is a religion and a way of life – Islamic Law • Islam splits between Sunni and Shiite – Religious leaders can be anyone – Religious leaders must be descendants of Mohammed Religion

Sunni and Shiite

Men and Women in Islam Men Women • Make all major decisions • Women lose rights as Islam spread east • Can have four wives (travelling merchants) • Often secluded in the home • Divorce is easy • Fewer education opportunities • Often have restrictive dress code • Divorce nearly impossible • Spiritually not secularly equal. – Seclusion – Veiling (purdah)

Jihad in Islam • The Word “Jihad” means to struggle or strive • Levels of Jihad – Struggle to improve yourself – Struggle against evil in society – Struggle on the battlefield • Valid reasons for Jihad on the battlefield – Self Defense • To remove human tyranny, oppression, and persecution

Spread of Islam video Setting • By 750 C. E. the Islamic Empire stretched from India to Spain • Controlled transportation routes • By 1450, the empire was smaller but still influential Cordoba, Spain Move to spread Delhi, India

Politics • Caliphs - religious and political leaders • Sultans - political leaders • Strong armies • Extensive bureaucracies • Crusades weaken caliphates and empire fragments • Saladin leads Mamluks (slave army made up of Asia Minor people) against crusaders • Mamluks then seize power in Egypt after the death of Saladin.

First Crusade

Saladin and Crusaders

Innovations • Medicine – Prescription drugs – surgery • Mathematics – Algebra • Literature – Poetry – calligraphy • Art • Architecture – arabesque • Libraries

Algebra

Technology • Steel - Damascus • Used arch and dome • Cotton, silk textiles • Glass • Irrigation (qanats) • Drained swampland

Economy • Agriculture was important in areas with good climates • Merchants VERY important • Trade Networks – Silk Road – Indian Ocean Routes – Saharan camel routes • Systems to transfer money – Banking and branch banking – Checks – Credit – Currency Exchange • Economic controls – Worker and craft guilds (quality regulation)

Who am I?

Society • Social Mobility – Based on education and achievements • Tax on non-Muslims – “People of the Book” not persecuted • Slavery – Only non-Muslims could be enslaved – Slaves could buy freedom – Children of slaves who converted were freed • Merchants were honored (Mohammed

Why did Islam Spread? • Motivation for Bedouins – Gave them an excuse to raid their enemies – United them and broke clan/family ties – Accepted polygamy

Why Did Islam Spread? • Military Success – Bravery was a culture trait of the Bedouins of Arabia – Organization and mobility (horse) – Superior military tactics – Persian and Byzantine Empires were weak – Conquered soldiers were converted and incorporated into Muslim army – A place in Paradise if

Why Did Islam Spread? • Trade Networks – Islamic lands linked Africa, Asia and Europe • Merchants traveled the “Silk Roads” and Indian Ocean sea routes – Cultural centers like Cairo, Mecca, Alexandria and Baghdad provided centers of learning to which thousands traveled each year – Sufis were merchant missionaries. They spread Islam peacefully, were mystics.

Why Did Islam Spread? • Treatment of Conquered Peoples – Toleration • Often led to acceptance • Muslims welcomed in areas where people had been persecuted – Conquered Christians and Jews often converted because of similarities

Islamic Empires: Umayyad • Capital - Damascus • A small Arab/Muslim aristocracy ruled over a people who were not Arab and largely not “Muslim” - Mawali. (They converted but were not recognized) • “People of the Book” were generally tolerated. • Expansion across North Africa to Iberian Peninsula as well as into Central Asia. • Declined: – – “more political than pious” (luxury and soft living) Revolts by dissenting Muslims Non-Arab resentment Army revolt led under the black banner of the Abbasid Party defeated the Umayyad and slaughtered most of the family at a reconciliation

Umayyad Architecture

Umayyad Caliphate

Islamic Empires: Abbasid • Ends Arab domination, Mawali conversion in mass from Berbers and Moors to Turks. • Capital at Baghdad – Persians dominate the expanding bureaucracy – Harun al Rashid ruled from 786 -809 • Wealth and splendor equal to Byzantium • Exchanged gifts and ambassadors with Charlemagne • Lavish court, palace was 1/3 of the city of Baghdad

• Muslim Empires: Wealth and Prosperity – Revival of trade routes Abbasid across Sahara, – – – Mediterranean Sea and Silk Road Merchants were Christians, Muslims and Jews Bazaars held spices, minerals, dyes, gems, olives, wine, wheat, silk, porcelain, horses, etc Joint Stock companies Banking with credit and checks Workshops made glass, jewelry, tapestries, Damascus Steel, Cordoba

Collapse of the Abbasid • Causes: – Social Stratification • Arabs played and increasingly smaller role in the society as Turks and other non-Arabs migrated in – Sectarian Divisions • Different Islamic groups vied for power – Regional Separation • Empire was too large for weakened military to control

Division in the Muslim World after collapse of Abbasid • Umayyads still in Spain (750 -1100) • Fatimids in Egypt (900+) • Mamluks in Egypt (1250 -1517) • Seljuk Turks in Isfahan (Persia) (1050+) • Mongols in Baghdad (1258+) • Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor (1300 -1919) • Safavids in Isfahan (1499+)

Seljuk Turks

And now…Kenya

China

Bulgaria

Iran

Desecrated WW I graves in France

Kyrgyzstan

Indonesia