The Rise of Islam Summer School 2011

The Rise of Islam Summer School 2011

Muhammad • Born into powerful Meccan Family • Became Business manager for Khadijah, a wealthy business woman whom he would later marry. • About age 40 (610) while meditating in a cave outside Mecca, the voice of the Angel Gabriel came to him and gave him Gods word. • He was convinced he was the last prophet. • 613 he begins to preach around Mecca

Islam Basics • The Five Pillars – Faith – There is only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet. – Prayer – Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca – Alms – Support those less fortunate through special religious tax – Fasting – During holy month of Ramadan, fast between dawn and sunset. – Pilgrimage – The Hajj or Pilgrimage to Mecca must be performed at least once in their lifetime.

Islam Basics • Islam is name of religion • A Muslim is one who follows Islam • The Qur’an is holy book of Islam containing the revelations given to Muhammad by God • Umma – Muslim religious community • Ulama – Scholar class of Islam who study Qur’an

Links to Judaism and Christianity • They all worship the same god! • Differences – Muslims Believe Jesus was a prophet, not son of God – Muslims believe Muhammad was a prophet same as Abraham and Moses – The Qur’an perfects the earlier revelations and is Gods final word. – Muslim holy law or Shari’a requires Muslim leaders to extend tolerance to Christians and Jews because they are “people of the book”

Muhammad’s Death 632 • Muhammad chased out of Mecca in 620 to Medina. There he finds many who will follow him and becomes great leader. • 630 he returns to Mecca with great Army and city surrenders. City converts to Islam and most of the Arabian peninsula by the time of his death in 632. • The tribes of the Arabian peninsula are united for the first time ever under than banner of Islam.

Spread of Islam • The four “Great Caliphs” – Abu-Bakr – All of Arabia by 634 – Umar – Syria and Lower Egypt – Uthman and Ali – All of Middle East by 661 • 750 Islamic Umayyad Empire from India to Spain and North Africa

Islamic Split • After the death of Ali who was the son and cousin to Muhammad, differences arose over who should lead Islam. • Some believed following the Umayyad’s was the way. Others believed only the blood of Muhammad should lead. • Those following the descendents of Ali and Muhammad become the Shi’a. Those who follow Umayyad’s become known as Sunni.

Umayyad and Abbasid Empires • Umayyad – Assassinates Ali in 661. – Move capital to Damascus, Syria – Made easier to control territories – Rebelling groups overthrow Umayyad in 750. • Abbasids 750 -1258 – Move capital to new city of Baghdad – Baghdad sits on vital trade routes making the Abbasids very rich and powerful – Due to size of Empire, Individual Islamic States begin to emerge reducing the power and influence of the Abbasids and they lose control by 1258

Muslim Culture • Advances in Science – Math and Astronomy needed to correctly calculate the proper times for prayer. Also deep curiosity about the world and Muhammad encouraged learning. – Collecting knowledge • House of Wisdom – Baghdad – Scholars from different cultures and beliefs translated texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere into Arabic

Muslim Culture Cont. • Mathematics – Muslim scholars believed that math was basis for all knowledge. – Al-Khwarizmi – Mathematician Writes a textbook called “The Art of Bringing Together Unknowns to Match a Known Quantity” • Technique was called “al-jabr” • Scientific Method – Muslims did not use greek methods of science based in Logic. The favored a new method based in observation and experimentation.

Assignment • Questions: – p. 268 # 1 -7 – p. 272 # 1, 3 -8 – p. 279 # 1, 3 -8

The Rise of the Ottoman’s Summer School 2011

After the Abbasid Empire • Muslim for individual Muslim kingdoms throughout the old Abbasid Empire. • Fatimids - N. Africa • Moors – Spain • Safavids – Persia • Turks – Anatolia – Located present day southwestern Turkey – Military Society – Leader – Osman • West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans

Anatolia United • Osman Unites Anatolia into a small Islamic state by 1300. – Military success based on Gunpowder • Son Orkhan, names himself Sultan or “One with Power” – Treated those they conquered with respect. – All Muslims needed to serve in Army – Non-Muslims needed to pay tax

Mehmed II • Mehmed II finally conquers surrounded Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453. – Ottomans had been trying to take the city for over 150 years. – Mehmed was tolerant of other religions and opened the city for all. Rename city Istanbul.

Selim and Suleyman • Selim - Mehmed’s Grandson – Conquers Safavids 1514 and moves south into Palestine, Syria, and N. Africa. – Takes control of Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina • Suleyman – Son of Selim – Moves Army’s into Europe – Pushes as far as Vienna Austria • Europeans finally defeat him 1526. • High Point of Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Decline • Ottomans hold power till WWI but were in great decline for over 300 years. • Many lines of incompetent Sultans allow for poor management of huge empire • Also it became custom for Sultan to have his brothers strangled to prevent a struggle for power in the empire.

Assignment • Questions: –P. 511 # 2 -8 –P. 515 # 2 -8

The Creation of Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict World Studies Summer School 2010

Zionism • Zionism is the belief that the Jewish people should return to their rightful home in Palestine. • Zionism movement grows between late 1800 s and early 1900 s • Before WWI, Palestine was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. • After Ottoman defeat, British were mandated to control Palestine as part of the Treaty of Versailles

History • Jews driven out of Palestine around A. D. 135 • Arab Muslims had controlled Palestine, with some exceptions, for the last 1200 years. • By early 1900 s, Zionists begin buying land from Ottomans who need money to finance their large empire

British Mandate • British begin to be pressured for Jewish State. • Arabs oppose growing Jewish presence. • WWII Holocaust brings Jewish cause to center stage. And sympathy for Jewish state grows, especially from America. • 1920 s-1940 s Jewish land purchases increase from absentee Arab landowners even though British have outlawed such purchases. • Jewish Organizing for state continues and violence against British and Arabs escalates

United Nations and Partition • With support of U. S. and others, Newly formed U. N. tackles issue of Palestine. • U. N. votes for partition of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state with Jerusalem to be an international city owned by neither. • Jews make up 34% of population but receive 55 percent of area. • Arabs countries universally reject plan

State of Israel • May 14 th, 1948 David Ben Gurion proclaims Independent State of Israel. • May 15 th 6 Arab countries attack Israel • First Arab-Israeli War 1948 • Israel wins and seizes half the land given for Arab state during war. • Land set aside for Arab State never happens. • Some Arab nations grab land for themselves. • Especially Jordan-the West Bank, Egypt-Gaza Strip

1956 Suez Crisis • Second Arab-Israeli War • Egypt seizes control of the Suez Canal – Had been controlled by British • British get Israel with the support of French Air Force to retake canal. • They quickly defeat the Egyptians and take canal. • With pressure from Soviet Union and U. S. , British, French and Israeli’s withdraw from Egypt leaving the canal in Egypt’s control ending the crisis.

PLO Created • 1964 – Palestinian Liberation Organization formed. To Liberate Palestine from Israel • Leader is Yasir Arafat • Depending on your point of view PLO is: – Terrorist group trying to destroy Israel – Humanitarian group trying to help Palestinians being oppressed by Israel. • Group in actuality does BOTH!

1967 Six-Day War • Tensions had been building between Arab Countries and Israel for some time. • With Arab countries preparing an attack Israel launches surprise attack destroying air forces in Jordan, Syria, Iran, and Egypt. • Israeli Army then moves quickly conquering Arab forces on three different fronts

1967 Six-Day War - Results • Israel takes control of West Bank – Most importantly – The Old City of Jerusalem • Israel takes Sinai peninsula from Egypt • Israel takes Golan Heights • Palestinians living in Jerusalem were given choice of Israeli Citizenship or Jordanian. Most chose Jordan.

Yom Kippur War • October 1973 • Egyptian President Sadat plans joint Arab attack on Jewish Holy Day of Yom Kippur • Israeli’s caught by surprise and take great casualties as well as lose some of territory captured during 1967 war. • Israel counter-attacks and regains most of lost territory. • Both side agree to a truce after several weeks of fighting.

First Efforts of Peace • November 1977 Anwar Sadat Stuns the world by extending a hand to Israel. • He goes before Israeli Parliament and asks for Israel to join him in peace. • 1979 – Camp David Accords (Facilitated by Carter) – Egypt Recognizes Israel’s right to exist. – Israel in turn returns the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

Ramifications • Egypt becomes first Arab country to recognize Israel. • World leaders praise Sadat. • Other Arab countries condemn Sadat • 1981 Muslim extremists assassinate Sadat • New President Mubarak pledges to maintain peace with Israel

Fighting between Israel and PLO intensify • Palestinians attack Israel-Israel bombs PLO camps • PLO begins hiding in Southern Lebanon • Israel invades southern Lebanon and get involved with the Lebanon Civil War • Israel eventually with draws

Intifada 1987 -1992 • Campaign of civil disobedience or uprising by Palestinians against Israel • Boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on soldiers, rock throwing by teenagers • Intifada accomplishes little. Does effect world opinion though, putting pressure on Israel to open peace talks with Palestinians

Oslo Peace Accords 1993 • Israel grants Palestinians partial self rule in Gaza and West Bank. • Creation of Palestinian Authority • PA must recognize Israel right to exist • Further Steps to be taken to increase PA rule in future. • Israeli Prime Minister Assassinated by Jewish extremist 1995

1995 -2001 • Further expansion of the agreements at Oslo never happen. • Both sides never fully cooperate with decisions made. • Attacks by Palestinians continue and escalate. • Peace process moves backward.

Assignment • Questions –P. 1023 # 1, 3 -8