The Prevention of Abuse of Older Women by their Family Members Adjunct Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw, Ph. D School of Psychology, Social Work & Social Policy University of South Australia Domestic Violence Resource Centre Conference: “Equal or Different? Respecting Older Women: responding to older women’s experiences of family violence, sexual assault and elder abuse”. Melbourne, April 6, 2011 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 1
Uni. SA Research 2007 n n n Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw Dr Sarah Wendt Dr Lana Zannettino In 2007: we conducted research for and wrote the SA State plan Our Actions for the Prevention of Abuse of Older South Australians 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 2
Relevant Publication n Bagshaw, D. , Wendt, S & Zannettino, L. Preventing the Abuse of Older People by their Family Members. Stakeholder Paper 7, Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearing House, September 2009. http: //www. adfvc. unsw. edu. au 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 3
Our current research: ARC-Linkage Grant n n Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw (Uni. SA) Dr Sarah Wendt (Uni. SA) Dr Lana Zannettino(Flinders University) Dr Valerie Adams (Uni. SA Research Associate) in partnership with SA Dept for Families (Office for the Ageing), Relationships Australia SA, Office for the Public Advocate, Guardianship Board, Alzheimer’s Australia. Preventing the Financial Abuse of Older People by a Family member: Designing and Evaluating Older Person-Centred Models of Family Mediation 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 4
The importance of language We use the phrase ‘abuse of older people’ not ‘elder abuse’ out of respect for our Indigenous Elders. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 5
What age determines when one is ‘old’? n n n Varies from 45 -65 depending on the researcher, organisation or service ABS – starts at 45 which reflects the lower life expectancy of Indigenous adults. Commonwealth Age pension – 65+ for males, 60 -65 for females, depending on when they were born 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 6
Understanding and preventing abuse of older people by their family members is a priority social justice issue because of the increase in intra-familial care as a consequence of n government ‘ageing-in-place’ policies, n the rapidly ageing population, n limited resources for extra-familial care-work, n international agreements about human rights, n in addition to the ‘complex and diverse nature of elder abuse’ (Livermore, Bunt & Biscan, 2001: 41) 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 7
Definitions and types of abuse The most commonly used definition of abuse of older people in Australia is: n Any act occurring within a relationship where there is an implication of trust, which results in harm to the older person. Abuse can include physical, sexual, financial, psychological, social and/or neglect. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 8
Responses to the definition from SA service providers in our prior research n The vast majority of respondents to our SA survey of service providers supported the need for a broader understanding of abuse to include abuse occurring in relationships where there is an imbalance of power and control (80%), which is central to definitions of domestic or family violence. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 9
Other additions to the definition from SA service providers in our prior research n n n abuse of older people can be gendered (86%) abuse of an older person’s rights (86%) cultural abuse (86%) spiritual abuse (85%) abuse of an older person’s pets (85%). abuse can also involve an act or a failure to act, as in cases of neglect (73%). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 10
Abuse is more than physical n n n It is likely that many members of the community may not have heard the term ‘elder abuse’ and/or may only believe that behaviour is abusive if it is physical. The older person may be subjected to several different kinds of abuse at the same time to a lesser or stronger degree. Non-physical forms of abuse may be subtle and hard to detect. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 11
‘Mistreatment’ sometimes used n Mistreatment can involve an act of commission (abuse) or omission (neglect) which can be intentional, wilful, deliberate or malicious, or unintentional, benign, passive or recklessness. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 12
Explanations for perpetrator behaviour n Perpetrator behaviour can be labelled as abusive, neglectful or exploitative, depending on its frequency, duration, intensity, severity, consequences and the cultural context. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 13
Types of abuse n physical abuse can include being hit, sexually assaulted, burned or physically restrained n psychological abuse can include humiliation, insults, fear, threats or being treated like a child. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 14
Neglect n Neglect can include passive neglect, which refers to older people being left alone, isolated, or forgotten and active neglect, which is the withholding of items that are necessary for daily living, such as food and medicine 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 15
Types of abuse n n Medical abuse can include the inappropriate use of constraints and withholding or careless administration of drugs Social and environmental abuse can include a failure to provide human services and involuntary social isolation 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 16
Financial abuse: making improper use of an older person’s property or money without his or her knowledge or permission such as n forgery n stealing n forced changes to a will n transferring money or property to another person n withholding funds from the older person and the n failure to repay loans. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 17
Financial abuse n n It can also include the misappropriation of enduring powers when a trusted person (usually a family member) is legally appointed with enduring powers to manage the financial affairs of the older person whose frailty is increasing and can no longer manage their own affairs. With the ageing population and the increasing complexity associated with financial management, this type of abuse is likely to increase. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 18
Our findings from prior research The abuse of older people: n is an under-researched and hidden problem n occurs across the spectrum of our society n is often unrecognised, unreported, and hard to detect. There is currently no central register for the collection of statistics when abuse is uncovered or reported. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 19
Prevalence n n n Australian and overseas studies have estimated that between 3 and 5% of older people aged 65 years and over and living at home suffer from various forms of abuse or neglect (Kurrle 2004, p. 809). These figures vary with the methods and definitions used. Most of the abused older people are women (Rabiner, O’Keefe & Brown, 2004). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 20
Prevalence in Australian Institute of Criminology found that ‘ 4. 6% of older people are victims of physical, sexual or financial abuse, perpetrated by family members and those in a duty of care relationship’ (Kinnear & Graycar 1999, p. 1). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 21
Cooper et al (2008) reviewed 49 studies n n searched multiple databases to October 2006 and found that in the general population, an estimated 6% of older people reported significant abuse in the last month and 5. 6% of couples reported physical violence in their relationship in the last year. Significant abuse was defined as one abusive act occurring two to three times per month. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 22
Prevalence and types of abuse n Psychological and financial abuse— non-physical forms of abuse—are the most likely forms of abuse to be reported by people 65 and over (Schofield et al 2002: 25; Chen et al 2007). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 23
Prevalence and types of abuse n n Several researchers have found or inferred that the most common form of reported or suspected abuse is financial abuse followed by psychological and physical abuse – its not uncommon for more than one type of abuse to occur together. Researchers have also concluded that the people most likely to commit financial abuse are the older person’s adult daughter or son (Brill, 1999; Cripps, 2001; Boldy, Webb, Horner, Davey, & Kingley, 2002; Faye & Sellick, 2003). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 24
Financial abuse - prevalence n n The Office for the Public Advocate in Western Australia found that, during 1995 -1998, 10% of applications alleged financial abuse and relatives were most often the alleged perpetrators. Aged Rights Advocacy Service in South Australia found financial abuse in one third of 100 cases over a period of 2 years, the majority of which involved women as victims aged over 75 years (James & Graycar, 2000; Cripps, 2001). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 25
Financial abuse of older Aboriginal Australians n Financial abuse has also been found to be the most common form of abuse experienced by older Aboriginal people (Office for the Public Advocate, 2005). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 26
Financial abuse n The Office of Seniors Victoria (2005) has stated that financial abuse is emerging as a significant form of abuse, and highlighted the need for financial literacy training, support from the financial services industry, education and specialised legal services. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 27
Abuse by family members n n The majority of abusers of older people (80 -90%) in Australia are close family members (Kurrle 2004, p. 809). Kinstle, Hodell and Golding (2008) point out that adult children or other family members are most likely to provide the assistance required by the disabled or dependent elderly person. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 28
Abuse by family members n Although the vast majority of families provide their ageing parents or relatives with a safe haven, it is also true that family members perpetrate the majority of reported incidents of abuse of older people (Johnson 1997; Cripps 2001; Boldy et al. 2002; Cavanagh 2003). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 29
Gender and abuse Studies have found that abuse of older people within the family is still largely the abuse of older women by older and younger men, and that older women are particularly at risk of financial abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse (e. g. see Penhale 1999; Boldy et al. 2002; Faye & Selleck 2003; Nerenberg 2008). n 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 30
Gender and abuse n However, the gendered nature of the abuse of older people is still relatively invisible in Australia in spite of evidence from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) that one in four women who have experienced an incident of physical violence is aged 45 years and older, a finding supported by other Australian research (e. g. Morgan Disney & Associates 2000). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 31
1 st UK National Prevalence Study 2009: Elder Mistreatment (abuse & neglect) Researchers conducted a face-to-face survey with 2, 111 older people 66 and older who were living at home or in the community and found that n women (90%) were significantly more likely to have experienced mistreatment than men during the previous year, n there were gender differences according to the type of abuse and perpetrator characteristics (Biggs et al, 2009). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 32
UK Study: gender differences n n n Overall, 2. 6% of the respondents reported that they had experienced mistreatment during the time period, the most common being neglect (1. 1%), followed by financial abuse (0. 7%). Women were significantly more likely than men to have experienced neglect and physical, psychological and sexual forms of abuse, whereas the prevalence of financial abuse was similar for both sexes. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 33
UK study – age and gender effects n n n When age and gender effects were compared, the prevalence of neglect was highest among women 85 and older, however the interpersonal abuse of older women decreased with age. Older people who were separated or divorced were more likely to be mistreated and people living alone were more likely than those living with others to have experienced financial abuse. The prevalence of mistreatment also increased with declining health status. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 34
UK study: perpetrator characteristics n n 51% of mistreatment in the past year was carried out by a partner or a spouse, 49% by another family member, 13% by a care worker, and 5% by a close friend. the main perpetrators of financial abuse were other family members (54%) and care workers (31%) and only 13% were partners. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 35
UK study: perpetrator characteristics n n Men were predominantly the perpetrators of interpersonal abuse (80%), but the gender split for financial abuse was more equal for men and women (56% men, 44% women). Overall 53% of perpetrators were living in the respondent’s household at the time of the abuse (ibid: 7 -11). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 36
DV and older women n n The domestic violence sector has tended to focus on younger women and their dependent children and until recently has not paid as much attention to older women experiencing ongoing domestic violence. Some researchers have recognised that abuse of older people is highly likely to be ‘spouse abuse grown old’ (e. g. Nerenberg 2008; Leisey, Kupstas & Cooper, 2009; Brandl, 2000). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 37
The issue of power The patriarchal power structures in society infiltrate personal lives and intimate relationships and so the issue of power is crucial to understanding the role of age and gender in the abuse of older people (Whittaker 1997; Sengstock 1991). n 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 38
Older women’s experiences may be different to those of older men n n They tend to live longer than men and are more likely to be financially abused after their partner dies (Brozowski & Hall 2004) They are more likely to be abused by a broader range of family members than men (Livermore, Bunt & Biscan 2001). They are less likely to have access to superannuation and, therefore, more likely to rely on the Aged Pension (Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia 2011). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 39
Abuse of older people with dementia n n n Strong link between abuse of older people and dementia. Increasing number of people diagnosed with dementia specifically in the older age groups who will not be able to manage their financial affairs. Predictions that the number of Australians who will develop dementia in 2050 will be approximately 2. 8% of the projected population; currently it is 1%. [1] Access Economics Pty Ltd, for Alzheimer’s’ Australia. Dementia Estimates and Projections: Australian States and Territories. February 2005 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 40
Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family members n Family members believing that they are entitled the older persons assets as part of their inheritance (first in our ARC research). n Increased isolation with aging. n Lack of access to extended family or communities of support – worse for CALD women. n Violence from a spouse or partner(DV) persisting into old age. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 41
Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family members n n Widening gap between generations in the family. Family members feeling a duty of care and failing to access outside assistance. Marital stress between an older couple, in particular when sharing a home with others. Intergenerational violence 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 42
Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family members n n n Dependency on family members, in particular financial dependency. Language, religious and cultural barriers restricting knowledge about, and/or access to services. Abuser having a drug or alcohol addiction, gambling problem or mental illness. Carer experiencing significant stress. Older person suffering from dementia contributing to a carer’s stress or to abuse of a carer. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 43
Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family members n n Older people being placed in an inadequately resourced institution by family Losing a partner or spouse. Family members working the land/business that belongs to the older person Family member who is separated or divorced. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 44
Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family members n n Family members lacking relevant information, knowledge, skills, resources. Professionals not having the knowledge or resources to identify or deal with the abuse. Colonisation and removal of Aboriginal children from families. Ageist and racist community attitudes. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 45
Barriers to older people reporting abuse. n n n diminished cognitive capacity mental or physical disability poor or restricted mobility lack of awareness of what constitutes abuse lack of knowledge of their rights or resources social isolation or fear of alienation 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 46
Barriers to older people reporting abuse n n n n the need to preserve a family relationship dependency on others in the family the stigma and shame associated with abuse literacy and language barriers religious, generational and cultural barriers fear of reprisal from the perpetrator and a perceived or actual lack of options or access to services. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 47
Barriers to reporting for older Indigenous Australians n n In Indigenous communities another layer of complexity relates to the negative, historical experiences of interventions which led to separation and loss for many people. Older Indigenous people mostly want to stay in their families and communities and fear removal if they say anything about the abuse. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 48
The DV and Ageing sectors n Dominant approaches to research, definitions and intervention in the DV and ageing sectors can differ markedly and lead to inadequate and inconsistent responses. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 49
The Aging and DV Sectors in Australia n n DV sector tends to focus on dynamics of power and control and the structural (e. g. the social, political, legal, economic and cultural) barriers for victims Dominant definitions of ‘elder abuse’ in the ageing sector in Australia do not address issues of power and control 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 50
Complex nature of abuse n Domestic violence research has shown that all forms of abuse are often interconnected and are part of a complex, shifting kaleidoscope or mosaic of abuse, often with the misuse or abuse of power and control at the centre (Bagshaw 2003). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 51
n The failure to view family violence through a gendered lens ignores the social, political and economic context of family violence, in particular the structural inequality of power between men and women in intimate relationships, and can place many older victims who have experienced a lifetime continuum of family violence in a dangerous and fearful position. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 52
Feminist research Attitudes to women, n women’s status and position in society, n social and cultural constructions of gender and gender roles, and n the privacy accorded to home and family relationships all act to prevent individuals, professionals and communities from recognising, disclosing and responding appropriately to family violence. n 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 53
The need for a common understanding of what constitutes abuse of an older person n Social constructions of ageing, gender and of what constitutes ‘abuse’ are definitional factors which influence how the community, older people and service providers understand respond to what is happening in abusive relationships. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 54
Explanations for the abuse n Ramsey-Klawsnick (2000) points out that there a variety of theoretical explanations for abuse of older people by their family members which give rise to various descriptions of and responses to the abuser. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 55
n It is important to engage with domestic violence theories and research to understand the gendered nature of abuse of older people and to avoid simplistic medical labels and caregiver stress explanations. Collusion by service providers with the perpetrator is likely and interventions can then focus on taking care of the perpetrator and can ignore the safety of the victim. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 56
n n Studies suggest that the long-term or preabuse nature of relationships between caregivers and care recipients may be an important factor in predicting abuse of older people by family members We need to explore potential contributions from studies of domestic violence and child abuse. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 57
n Abuse of older people is a public issue requiring a community response and in serious cases a criminal justice response. In the United States, growing numbers of cases involving the abuse of older people are given increased penalties and or prosecuted due to new techniques, procedures and statutory innovations and to a wide range of professionals receiving training in abuse detection and response. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 58
3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 59
Culture and race n n At June 2008, 5. 5 million migrants from over 200 countries living in Australia were born overseas (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008) The dearth of research literature on the issue of elder abuse in Ca. LD communities is largely due to the communities emphasis on family privacy + fears that disclosure of abuse will lead to being cut off from their cultural communities 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 60
Office of the Public Advocate in Western Australia (2006) Ca. LD older people are at risk of abuse because of n poor English skills n social isolation n dependency on family members n cross-generational factors which result in differing expectations of care and support n fear of being shamed by and excluded from their communities 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 61
New and emerging populations Older people in new and emerging population groups in Australia face additional challenges in re-settlement such as: n n n family unemployment, poverty, the changed roles and rights of older people (particularly older women), lack of family support and intervention, social isolation, and inter-generational conflicts (Bonar & Roberts 2006). 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 62
Lack of knowledge of Australian law and services, as well as communication and language difficulties, can result in older Ca. LD victims tolerating abuse (Bagshaw, Wendt & Zannettino 2007; WA Family & Domestic Violence Unit 2006). n 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 63
Approaches and principles for prevention of abuse of older people n Abuse of older people is largely undetected by service providers’ as it is invisible and, therefore, service providers (e. g. doctors, carers, household help, police, clergy) need education and resources to assist them to identify abuse, establish or adhere to appropriate protocols, screen for abuse, respond effectively, and make appropriate referrals. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 64
Approaches and Principles n n Raising awareness of the problem is the first step towards reducing it - public education will help combat ageist beliefs. Secondly, specific education for legal, health care and social service providers is important to reduce the risk associated with ageism and other societal beliefs that contribute to abuse of older people 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 65
Approaches and principles n n Thirdly, there is a need for family and other informal forms of social support for older people to maintain their independence and quality of life. Finally, participatory models hold the most potential to address the ageist context in which abuse occurs, allowing older people to own responses instead of relying on professional expertise. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 66
Models of prevention Nerenberg (2008, p. 35 -74) explores the strengths and limitations of seven models of prevention which I do not have time to address today (see our Stakeholder Paper): n n n n Adult Protective Services, Domestic Violence Prevention, Public Health, Victim Advocacy, Restorative Justice, Family Caregiver Support & Family Preservation 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 67
Mandatory reporting n In 2005, the Victorian Government Report of their Elder Abuse Prevention Project found that mandatory reporting and statutory adult protection services were not supported in its consultation process 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 68
Mandatory reporting n n In March 2006, the Elder Abuse Prevention Unit (EAPU) decided that mandatory reporting of elder abuse will divert resources from addressing this issue and deny the rights of seniors to make their own decisions, thereby reinforcing ageist stereotypes. The obligation for a worker to report abuse of an individual with impaired capacity is clear under duty of care requirements. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 69
Domestic Violence Prevention Model n n n Focuses on empowerment and micro and macro interventions to address power imbalances. Raising awareness of the connections between abuse of older people and domestic violence is important, including educating and training all staff working with older people and we suggest that more resources should be allocated for this to happen in Australia. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 70
Interagency collaboration n Finally, we stress the importance of interagency collaboration as the abuse of older people is a ‘legal, medical, and mental health issue as well as a social phenomenon’. The Alliance for the Prevention of Abuse (APEA) is one example of a collaboration of South Australian agencies to challenge the way abuse is understood and responded to. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 71
APEA n The group is comprised of the Legal Services Commission, South Australian Police, Public Advocate, Public Trustee and Aged Rights Advocacy Service. All are key stakeholders in relation to abuse, however we suggest that there may be some merit in including domestic violence professionals in such alliances and collaborations. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 72
In conclusion n No two cases of abuse of older people are alike and a variety of assessment tools and approaches are needed to meet the needs of each situation Victim safety and empowerment should be given the highest priority Need to develop responses that are specific to each Ca. LD community and to rural areas 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 73
n n Need to develop models of prevention that address the ageist context in which abuse occurs, minimise the risk of abuse and provide opportunities for older people to take ownership and be empowered in the process Need interdisciplinary understanding and a coordinated, multiple service system response to the victim, the perpetrator and the social network surrounding the victim. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 74
n A comprehensive service response system needs to draw from a range of theories and approaches – in particular holistic, critical, feminist and strengths-oriented, empowering approaches, which address the social, political, economic, legal and cultural context and provide a continuum of service options tailored to meet the specific and unique needs of older people at risk. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 75
Strategies for prevention Our research found that whilst it is important to raise community awareness of what constitutes abuse, a climate needs to be created that is ‘user friendly’ toward older people, with messages framed in positive, respectful language and an emphasis on celebrating older people’s contributions and worth to society. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 76
n In particular we have argued for professionals and researchers from the ageing and domestic violence sectors to engage in more dialogue and collaboration as they have much to learn from each other. 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 77
For more information Dale. Bagshaw@unisa. edu. au My home page: http: //www. unisanet. unisa. edu. au/staff/hom epage. asp? Name=Dale. Bagshaw 3/19/2018 (c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, Uni. SA 78
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