The Passive Voice Полянской Анны 4 АОД

The Passive Voice Полянской Анны, 4 АОД

Usage of passive constructions Active costructions are used more often in English than passive constructions. Generally, you need the Passive Voice in the following cases: 1. When it is not known or not necessary to mention who performs the action. Cotton is grown in Egypt. His book hasn't been published yet. His house was built a year ago. The film will be released in a month.

• 2. When it is necessary to draw more attention to the receiver of the action. • In this case, the object in the active construction becomes the subject in the passive construction. A phrase with the preposition "by" is used when you need to show by whom the action is performed. Compare these pairs: Someone broke the kitchen window yesterday. (active construction: window - object)kitchen window was broken yesterday. (passive construction: window - subject)

• Stephen King wrote The Green Mile in 1996. (The Green Mile - object) The Green Mile was written by Stephen King in 1996. (The Green Mile - subject (The Green Mile - подлежащее)Several houses were destroyed by the hurricane last week. . His dog was hit by a car yesterday.

• If there are two objects in the active construction, i. e. direct object and indirect object, either of them may become the subject of the passive construction, though passive constructions with the indirect object as the subject are considered to be more common. Note that the subject of English passive constructions does not always remain the subject in Russian translation. Compare: They gave Tom a valuable prize.

• Tom was given a valuable prize. (The indirect object "Tom" becomes the subject of this passive construction in English. )A valuable prize was given to Tom. (The direct object "prize" becomes the subject of this passive construction in English. )A large construction company offered Anton a good job. Anton was offered a good job at a large construction company. A good job was offered to Anton by a large construction company.

• Impersonal passive constructions Passive constructions are often used in impersonal sentences with the formal subject "It" in news reports. Passive constructions with the infinitive in which the subject is stated are also used in the news quite often. Compare these examples: It is said that the President may postpone his visit. It is known that the director is against this plan. - The director is known to be against this plan. It is believed that he is the richest man in the country. - He is believed to be the richest man in the country. It was expected that the mayor would approve the new project. - The mayor was expected to approve the new project.

• It is reported that four people were injured in the accident. - Four people are reported to have been injured in the accident. It was reported that he bought several expensive houses. - He was reported to have bought several expensive houses

• Tenses in the Passive Voice The passive construction has the same meaning of the tense as the active construction, and the same adverbs of time are used with the tenses in the active and in the passive. As a rule, the Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous, and Future Continuous are not used in the passive.

• SIMPLE PRESENT Paper is made from wood pulp. Mail is delivered at 8 a. m. These toys are made in China. Dinner here is served after 7. English is spoken in many countries of the world. English textbooks are often sold at the university bookstore. The word "office" is spelled with double "f".

• PRESENT CONTINUOUS • A new road is being built now. He is being examined by the doctor at the moment. The Present Continuous in the passive is often replaced by active constructions in everyday speech, for example: A new road is under construction now. The doctor is examining him at the moment.

• PRESENT PERFECT We have just been informed about another accident at the plant. This information has already been checked and reported to the boss. So far, ten employees have been fired by the new director. They have never been invited to a boat party before. He has been seen in that house twice. She has been locked in her apartment for 3 days already.

• SIMPLE PAST • His uncle was killed in the war. This dress was made in India. The telescope was invented by Galileo. Laura was asked to speak at the teachers' conference last week. The message was left on my desk in the office two days ago. His wallet, his passport, and his credit card were stolen yesterday.

• PAST CONTINUOUS When I came to the hospital, Tom was being examined by the doctor. I couldn't use my office yesterday because it was being painted. The new program was being tested for errors at 3 o'clock yesterday. The Past Continuous in the passive is often replaced by active constructions in everyday speech, for example: When I came to the hospital, the doctor was examining Tom.

• PAST PERFECT By the time I returned, the work on the project had been finished. The Past Perfect in the passive can be replaced by the Simple Past in the passive in everyday speech if you use "before" or "after" instead of "by the time", for example: The work on the project was finished before I returned after the work on the project was finished.

• SIMPLE FUTURE The construction of the new school will be completed next year. The results of the mathematical contest will be announced tomorrow. The award will be given to the best math student. It will be done, I am sure.

• FUTURE PERFECT Experts say that by 2050 the cure for cancer will have been found. Dear clients! By this time tomorrow your telephone connection will have been restored completely. The Future Perfect in the passive is used mostly in writing, for example, in formal correspondence and scientific literature.

1. When I came to the party, John. . . home. -had already been gone -had already gone -was gone 2. Over 57 million students. . . in American schools which range from kindergartens to high schools. -were enrolled -are enrolled -has been enrolled

3. When the manager arrived, the problem. . . -had already been solved -had already solved -had solved 4. Mr. Green. . . at the University since 1989. -is teaching -has been taught-

• 5. Hundreds of people. . . by the new factory this year. • are employed • were employed • have been employed • 6. This situation is serious. Something must. . . before it's too late. • Do • be done • have done • 7. Weekends. . . outdoors by most English people. • Spend • are spended • are spent

8. He. . . responsible for the accident. -is holding -was held 9. A dog. . . by the small red car. -was hitting -was hit -is hitting 10. Have you heard the news? The President. . . ! -has shot -has been shot -shot

11. The secretary. . . to her new boss yesterday. - introduced -was introduced -is introduced 12. Our plan. . . by the members of the committee. -Considers -is being considered -is considered 13. I. . . last Friday. -Arrived -was arrived -have arrived

14. This is a large hall. Many parties. . . here. -are held -are being held -has been held 15. The book. . . by Hardy. -Wrote -was written -was wrote