THE PASSIVE VOICE Građenje Form Pasivni trpni

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Građenje (Form): Pasivni (trpni) oblici glagola grade se pomoću glagola be u odgovarajućem glagolskom vremenu i prošlog participa glavnog glagola (treća kolona nepravilnih glagola).

Glagolsko vreme Aktiv Pasiv Present Simple Henry writes an email. An email is written (by Henry) Present Continuous Henry is writing an email. An email is being written (by Henry) Past Simple Henry wrote an email. An email was written (by Henry) Past Continuous Henry was writing an email. An email was being written (by Henry). Present Perfect Simple Henry has written an email. An email has been written (by Henry). Future Simple Henry will write an email. An email will be written (by Henry). Going to Henry is going to write an email. An email is going to be written (by Henry). Can/could Henry can/could write an email An email can/ could be written (by Henry) Must/have to Henry must/has to write an email An email must/ has to be written (by Henry).

Prilikom promene iz aktiva u pasiv, dešavaju se sledeće promene: 1. Objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice. 2. Menja se svršeni oblik glagola (to be + past participle) 3. Subjekat aktivne rečenice u pasivnoj rečenici stoji iza predloga by ili se izostavlja.

Postoje glagoli koji imaju dva objekta, direktni i indirektni. Kada ovakva aktivna rečenica postaje pasivna, jedan od objekata postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice. Koji objekat će postati subjekat zavisi od toga šta govornik želi da naglasi. Ipak, najčešće objekat koji označava osobu (tj. indirektni) postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice. A: Henry gave Claire some flowers. P 1: Claire was given some flowers (by Henry). P 2: *Some flowers were given to Claire (by Henry).

A: Somebody gave the police the information. P 1: The police were given the information. P 2: The information was given to the police. Verovatnije je da je u fokusu pažnje govornika osoba ili grupa ljudi, a ne predmet, tako da je bolje upotrebiti indirektni objekat kao subjekat pasivne rečenice. Ovakvi glagoli su: ask, give, offer, pay, show, teach, tell

Upotreba (Use): Pasiv se upotrebljava kada se naglašava radnja, a ne vršilac radnje. Aktivna rečenica uvek naglašava vršioca radnje (agent). U pasivnoj rečenici, međutim, objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat, dok je vršilac radnje nebitan ili nepoznat.

Pasiv se u engleskom upotrebljava mnogo češće nego u srpskom jeziku, i to u sledećim slučajevima: a) Ako je vršilac radnje nepoznat: His brother was hurt in the demonstrations. Njegov brat je povređen u demonstracijama.

b) Ako se smatra da vršioca radnje nije neophodno pomenuti da bi se rečenica razumela, kao i ako se smatra da je vršilac radnje poznat: The full text of the speech will be published in our next issue. Kompletan tekst govora biće objavljen u narednom broju. Enough has been said on the subject. Dosta je rečeno na tu temu. The bank robbers have been arrested. Pljačkaši banke su uhapšeni. My bike was stolen last night. Moj bicikl je sinoć ukraden.

c) Ako se vršilac radnje smatra nevažnim ili neodređenim, kao kod rečenica koje počinju sa somebody, something, everybody, people, all, they, itd: This photograph was taken during the incident. (Somebody took. . ) Ova fotografija je snimljena tokom incidenta. He is admired for his wisdom. (People admire him. . . ) Dive mu se zbog mudrosti.

d) Neodređeni subjekat (people, somebody, they) može da se zameni sa it. Ovo se naziva bezlični pasiv (impersonal passive): It is believed that they have been saved. Veruje se da su spašeni. (People believe. . . ) It is claimed that smoking causes cancer. Tvrde da pušenje izaziva rak. (They/people claim. . . ) It is said that they are getting married next weekend. (People say. . . ) Priča se da se venčavaju sledećeg vikenda.

Umesto bezličnog pasiva u navedenim primerima mogu da se upotrebe i lični pasivni oblici: They are believed to have been saved. Smoking is claimed to cause cancer. They are said to be getting married next weekend.

e) Pasivni oblici se vrlo često upotrebljavaju kada se naglašava objekat u rečenici. Pošto se u engleskom jeziku mora poštovati red reči, jedan od načina da u potvrdnoj rečenici objekat bude istaknut jeste da se rečenica stavi u pasiv: New words are regularly collected for the dictionary. Nove reči se redovno prikupljaju za rečnik. Football is played all over the world. Fudbal se igra u celom svetu.

I was offered the job, but I refused it (=they offered me the job). You will be given plenty of time to decide. (=we will give you plenty of time) The men were paid ₤ 400 to do the job. (=somebody paid them ₤ 400)

Past simple u pasivu se uvek koristi za I was born. . . He was born in Belgrade Rođen je u Beogradu. (NE He is born) Where were you born? rođena? Gde si

U pasivu se ponekad umesto glagola be može koristiti get: There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (=was hurt) Na žurci je bila tuča, ali niko nije povređen. My friend doesn’t get invited to parties very often. Moju drugaricu ne pozivaju na žurke često. NAPOMENA: Get može da zameni be samo ako je u pitanju glagol aktivnosti. Kod glagola stanja ovo nije moguće: Jill is liked by everybody. *Jill gets liked by everybody.

Get se takođe upotrebljava u nekim ustaljenim izrazima koji nemaju pasivno značenje: get dressed – obući se get changed – presvući se get lost – izgubiti se get married – udati se/oženiti se get divorced – razvesti se

Ovi izrazi se na srpski prevode povratnim glagolima. Isti je slučaj i sa sledećim primerima: He is called George. On se zove Džordž. They were all drowned. Svi su se podavili. We were lost in the woods. Izgubili smo se u šumi. Houses were made of wood at the time. Kuće su se tada pravile od drveta.

Have something done Ovaj izraz se koristi da iskaže da je govornik organizovao da se nešto uradi, tj. neko drugi je nešto uradio za njega. Lisa painted her house. (ona je okrečila) Lisa had her house painted. (moler je okrečio) Red reči u rečenici: S + have+ object+past participle Ova struktura je srodna pasivu jer subjekat rečenice nije vršilac radnje (agent).

My friend had her hair cut, but she doesn’ t like it. Moja prijateljica se ošišala, ali joj se ne sviđa. Our neighbour had just had a garage built. Naš sused je dao da mu se napravi garaža. We are having the house painted at the moment. Trenutno krečimo kuću. I think you should have that coat cleaned. Treba da daš kaput da se očisti. I don’t like having my photograph taken. Ne volim da se slikam.

I Prebacite rečenice iz aktiva u pasiv. Obeležene reči treba da budu na početku. (Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words in bold). 1. Robert will give you some advice. ______________________ 2. I sent him a letter. _____________________________ 3. The police officer showed us the way. _____________________ 4. Our neighbour gave me a lift. ________________________

5. We have asked him a favour. ________________________ 6. She told me a lie. ___________________________ 7. They’ve sent her a postcard. _________________________ 8. Sara will make you a cup of tea. _______________________ 9. The waiter has not brought us the coffee. ____________________ 10. They did not offer her a seat. ________________________

Dopunite tekst odgovarajućim oblicima glagola u aktivu ili pasivu. Obratite pažnju na vremena. (Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice). Yesterday morning a man wearing a mask _________ (force) a shop assistant in a supermarket to hand over 500 euros and then escaped in a car which ________ (steal) earlier in the day. The shop assistant said that he _________ (threaten) by the thief who _________ (wield) a gun. The car _________(find) later in a car park where it ________ (leave) by a thief. A man ________ (arrest) in connection with the robbery and ___________ (question) by the police at the moment.