THE ORDER OF WORDS • The teacher speaks to the students. • A grocer sells tea and sugar. • That little girl is my sister. • I am glad to see you.
THE TYPES OF SENTENCES • • • STATEMENT (declarative sentence) John can speak French QUESTION (interrogative sentence) Can John speak French? COMMAND (imperative sentence) Speak French, John.
THE TYPES OF SENTENCES • • Give me the answer to the question. My father likes to smoke a pipe. I love spring flowers. Can you help me? Will you join us? Take it easy. Health is better than wealth.
PARTS OF SPEECH • The spring of my watch is broken. • The dog tried to spring over the gate. • I love spring flowers. • My father gave me a new watch for my birthday. • They watch films on TV. • We have a watch dog.
Nouns (singular and plural) • • • a girl a dog a book a bottle a house an apple • • • girls dogs books bottles houses apples
singular and plural hissing sound = “-es” • • • brush box church inch fox • • • brushes boxes churches inches foxes
singular and plural “-f” or “-fe” = “-ves” • • • leaf half wolf wife knife thief • • • leaves halves wolves wives knives thieves
singular and plural “-y” = “-ies” • • • baby lady fly army city body • • • babies ladies flies armies cities bodies
singular and plural (special cases) • • • man woman child foot oxen tooth goose mouse sheep deer • • • men women children feet ox teeth geese mice sheep deer
PRONOUNS • Words that stand instead of nouns are called pronouns. • 1 st person • 2 nd person • 3 rd person I We You He She It
adjectives • a fat man • an old book • a heavy box a thin man a new book a light box
Adjectives of Quality • • • WHAT SORT They live in a big house. These small apples have a sweet taste. John is a clever boy. The camel is a very useful animal. In England we have warm weather in summer and cold weather in winter.
Adjectives of Quantity • How much? How many? • • • I have two eyes. There are twenty books on the desk. There are not many apples on the tree. I have many friends. She has no flowers in the room. He brings some letters every day.
TEN GREEN BOTTLES • • There were ten green bottles standing on the wall, Ten green bottles standing on the wall, And if one green bottle should accidentally fall, There’d be nine green bottles standing on the wall. • • There were nine green bottles standing on the wall, Nine green bottles standing on the wall, And if one green bottle should accidentally fall, There’d be eight green bottles standing on the wall. • The last line: • There’d be no green bottles standing on the wall.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES • • • THIS THESE • THAT THOSE This car is old. That car is old. These cars are new. Those cars are new.
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES • What Which Whose • • • What book do you read? What price are eggs today? Which boy can answer this question? Which house do you live in? Whose cat is this? Whose house is that?
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES • SINGULAR • 1 ST PERSON • 2 ND PERSON • 3 RD PERSON MY YOUR HIS, HER, ITS PLURAL OUR YOUR THEIR
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES • POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE • • • longer bigger colder happier faster long big cold happy fast the longest the biggest the coldest the happiest the fastest
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES • dangerous - more dangerous – the most dangerous • beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful • difficult -more difficult –the most difficult • important -more important - the most important • valuable – more valuable – the most valuable •
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES • • good bad much little better worse more less the best the worst the most the least
VERBS ACTION NO ACTION • • • The bird sings. The girls danced. They speak English. The sun shines. I write a letter. The students opened the books. The weather is fine. This woman is his mother. Tommy has a dog. There were fields round the farm. • My friend is in London. • I am glad to see you.
To be • • • I am We are You are He (She, It) is They are • • • I was We were You were He (She, It) was They were
PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
FUTURE SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
Past continuous • I was translating the text
FUTURE CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
VOICE ACTIVE PASSIVE • The teacher taught the class. • The class was taught by the teacher. • The ball was kicked by the boy. • The boy kicked the ball. • Tea is sold by the grocer. • The grocer sells tea. • These flowers are killed by the • Frost kills these flowers. frost. • The work will be finished. • We will finish the work.
VOICE ACTIVE PASSIVE • The girl is writing the letter. • The letter is being written. • You were doing the rooms. • The rooms were being done. • Somebody has broken the • The window has been broken. window. • The postman had delivered • The letters had been delivered the letters. by the postman. • I will have finish my work. • The work will have been finished.
adverbs • Adverbs of manner (how? ) slowly, well, fast, quickly… • Adverbs of time (when? ) yesterday, tomorrow. . • Adverbs of place (where? ) here, there. .
PREPOSITIONS • On to by with under down into about in from after for at behind through near along over between before
proverbs • • A bad workman blames his tools. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Better late than never. Well begun is half done. If you want a thing well done, do it yourself. The early bird catches the worm. Can the Ethiopian change his skin?
rhymes Two blackbirds • There were two blackbirds, • Sitting on a hill, • The one named Jack, • The other named Jill; • Fly away, Jack! • Fly away, Jill! • Come again, Jack! • Come again, Jill!
to the snail • Snail, snail, put out your horns, • And I’ll give you bread and barley-corns.
a wise owl • A wise old owl sat in an oak, • The more he heard the less he spoke; • The less he spoke the more he heard, • Why don’t you copy that wise old bird?
two pigeons • I had two pigeons bright and gay, • They flew away the other day; • What was the reason they did go? • I cannot tell for I do not know.