THE OPEN DOOR POLICY Objective Define Open Door

THE OPEN DOOR POLICY Objective: Define Open Door policy and its role in US Imperialism

APK

Importance w The Open Door policy of 1899 was originally adopted so that the United States could – – 1. restrict Chinese immigration. 2. stop Japan from attacking China. 3. gain equal trading rights in China. 4. encourage the development of democracy in China.

CHINA & THE OPEN DOOR POLICY. w U. S. INVOLVEMENT STARTS IN 1830’S w THE CHINESE EMPIRE IS IN DECLINE. – Foreign powers in China were lured by huge Chinese market and missionary zeal w EUROPEAN “SPHERES OF INFLUENCE” – By late 19 th c. , Japan and western European powers had carved much of China into separate spheres of influence. – Within each sphere, a nation held economic dominance w 1899 BRITISH WANT A JOINT US /BRITISH DECLARATION – American manufactures feared Chinese markets would be monopolized by Europeans while American missionaries had a number of groups in China. w MCKINLEY REFUSES

SEC OF STATE JOHN HAY w CIRCULATES AN OPEN DOOR NOTE UNILATERALLY. (Summer of 1899) – Issued by Secretary of State John Hay • (US at a disadvantage geographically compared to Russia and Japan, and American feared they might get frozen out if they didn’t act quickly. w DECLARES CHINESE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY SHOULD BE RESPECTED. – Urged all the Great Powers to announce that in their leaseholds or SO they would respect certain Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition – In effect, when any GP dealt with a foreign trader, it would observe Open Door. w CHINA SHOULD BE OPEN TO ALL. – Open Door gained wide acceptance in US – Policy did not gain international acceptance as it was weak and relatively short-lived

THE “BOXER REBELLION. ” w w w 1900 THE UNIVERSAL FIST OF HARMONY= THE BOXERS. DEMAND CHINA FOR THE CHINESE. WANT TO EXPEL THE “FOREIGN DEVILS. ” 55 DAY AT PEKING. ALLIED ARMY BREAK THE SIEGE. – Millions of Chinese enraged over Open Door Policy – Super Patriotic Boxers killed over 200 missionaries and other whites; a number of foreign diplomats besieged in Beijing – Multinational force of 18, 000 arrived to put down rebellion • Included Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany and US troops (2. 5 K) – Victorious they assessed an indemnity of $333 million (US got $24. 5 mil), when Washington found sum excessive, remitted $18 million • Appreciative of US, Chinese gov set aside money to educate a select group of Chinese students in the US as a gesture of good will – Hay announced in 1900 that henceforth the Open Door would embrace territorial integrity of China in addition to its commercial treaty.

HAY ISSUES A 2 ND OPEN DOOR NOTE. w U. S. IS TOO WEAK TO UNILATERALLY ENFORCE THE DEMAND. w BUT CLEVER DIPLOMACY WORKS. – Sought to eliminate carving up China with Boxer outrages as a pretext – Hay did not ask formal acceptances – China thus spared partition during these years. w Outcomes – US maintained a lasting influence in Asia – Created a market for American goods to be sold

Importance w The Open Door policy of 1899 was originally adopted so that the United States could – – 1. restrict Chinese immigration. 2. stop Japan from attacking China. 3. gain equal trading rights in China. 4. encourage the development of democracy in China.

Closure w One lasting effect of the U. S. Open Door policy in China was that – 1. it set the stage for continuing U. S. influence in Asia. – 2. China and the United States always have enjoyed a history of good relations. – 3. Asian countries were forced to allow U. S. military bases there. – 4. the United States became reluctant to trade with other Asian countries.

Closure w In the early 1900 s, China was important to the United States because – 1. the United States needed an ally in the fight against Japan. – 2. China had become a strong military power and could pose a threat. – 3. businesses wanted to export goods to China, a huge market. – 4. China was an important source of raw materials for U. S. factories.

Closure w What caused the United States to adopt the Open Door Policy? – 1. European powers threatened to invade the U. S. – 2. European powers were about to monopolize trade in China. – 3. European powers approached the U. S. about sharing China. – 4. China wanted the U. S. to come and rescue them from the European powers.

Closure w The rapid growth of industry in the United States helped fuel the U. S. Open Door Policy because – 1. America needed unspoiled places for its workers to vacation. – 2. Americans had more time to read about foreign places. – 3. the United States was producing more goods than its own people could buy. – 4. Americans wanted to take over foreign factories and learn their secrets.