The nineteenth century in literature Oliver Twist Arthur

The nineteenth century in literature Oliver Twist Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 -1930) Charles Dickens (1812 -1870) Jane Eyre Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray (1954 -1900) Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865 -1936)

Britain’s position in the world • • • Britain in the nineteenth century was at its most powerful and self-confident Its strength lay in industry and trade, and the navy which protected this trade British factories were producing more than any other country in the world Scott William Bell “Iron And Coal”

British foreign policy • In Europe • a “Balance of power” (to prevent any single nation from becoming too strong) a free market (to have an advantage which Britain’s trade superiority could give) Outside Europe • The strongest trading position

The danger at home • After the Napoleonic Wars were over, there wasn’t such a need for so many goods and so many soldiers • New methods of farming reduced the number of workers on the land • Many people lost their jobs • • The rich feared the poor Capital and Labour, a cartoon from Punch magazine

Unions and riots • • • Many people moved to towns, looking for a better life In towns, people were harder to control than in the countryside The rich feared the town poor even more Several riots took place Since 1824 workers were allowed to join together in unions Unions were small, weak and couldn’t act together

"Tolpuddle Martyrs“ • 1834: Six farmworkers in the Dorset village of Tolpuddle joined together, promising to be loyal to their "union“ • Their employer managed to find a law by which they could be punished. • A judge had been specially appointed by the government to find the six men guilty • In London 30, 000 workers and radicals gathered to ask the government to pardon the "Tolpuddle Martyrs“ • The government, afraid of seeming weak, did not do so • Tolpuddle became a symbol of employers' cruelty, and of the working classes' need to defend themselves through trade union strength.

The "Chartists" 1838: working together for the first time, unions, workers and radicals put forward a People's Charter The Charter demanded: • the vote for all adults; • the right for a man without property of his own to be an MP; • voting in secret; • payment for MPs, and • an election every year. All of these demands were refused by the House of Commons. The Great Chartist Meeting on Kennington Common April 10, 1848, photograph taken by William Kilburn Riots and political meetings continued. 1339: 14 men were killed by soldiers in in a riot in Newport, Wales, and many others sent to one of Britain's colonies as prisoners. The government feared that the poor might take power, and establish a republic.

Prime Minister Robert Peel The government was saved partly by the skill of Robert Peel. He: • was able to use the improved economic conditions in the 1840 s to weaken the Chartist movement • abolished the unpopular Corn Law of 1815, which had kept the price of corn higher than necessary • established a regular police for London

British police • Crime was the mark of poverty • Robert Peel established a regular police for London in 1829 • At first people had laughed at his blue -uniformed men in their top hats • The new police were nicknamed “bobbies” after Robert “Bob” Peel • During the next thirty years almost every other town and county started its own police force. • The new police forces soon proved themselves successful The Metropolitan Police, 1829 • Certainty of punishment was far more effective than cruelty of punishment. Scotland Yard, the location of the original Metropolitan Police headquarters

Family life and women’s rights • • Except for the very rich, people no longer married for economic reasons, but did so for personal happiness wives might be companions, they were certainly not equals "the husband wife are one, and the husband is that one" "grown up children and their parents soon become almost strangers" A wife was legally a man's property Husbands were allowed by law to beat their wives with a stick "no thicker than a man's thumb", and to lock them up in a room After 1870: women were allowed to vote, to be elected to borough or county councils, to study at Oxford and Cambridge in separate women's colleges

Queen Victoria (1819 -1901) • • 1837: Victoria became queen She married a German, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg 1861: he died at the age of 42. Victoria couldn’t get over her sorrow at his death, and for a long time refused to be seen in public Newspapers began to criticise her; some even questioned the value of the monarchy the advisers persuaded her to take a more public interest in the business of the kingdom she soon became extraordinarily popular By the time Victoria died the monarchy was better loved among the British than it had ever been before. 1868: the queen's book Our life in the Highlands. Queen Victoria the queen's own diary, with drawings, of her life with Prince Albert at Balmoral, her castle in the Scottish Highlands. People had never before known anything of the private life of the monarch, and they enjoyed being able to share it Our life in the Highlands Victoria touched people’s hearts

Our life in the Highlands

Victorian era The Victorian era: furniture and Interior decoration • eclectic revival • interpretation of historic styles • cross-cultural influences from the Middle east and Asia Victorian postcards Dante Gabriel Rossetti's drawing room at No. 16 Cheyne Walk, 1882, by Henry Treffry Dunn The Sherlock Holmes Museum 221 b Baker Street, London

Fashion

The railway • • • Industrialists had built the railways to transport goods, not people, in order to bring down the cost of transport By 1870 the railway system of Britain was almost complete. The canals were soon empty as everything went by rail. Blenkinsop steam locomotive for the Middleton Railway (1812) • 1851: the government made the railway companies provide passenger trains • they stopped at all stations for a fare of one penny per mile It became possible to travel over the country easily and to transport goods faster and cheaper Opening the Liverpool and Manchester Railway • • People lived in suburbs and worked in cities

1851: The Great Exhibition • • • Queen Victoria opened the Great Exhibition of the Industries of All Nations inside the Crystal Palace, in London. The exhibition aimed to show the world the greatness of Britain's industry No other nation could produce as much at that time The Crystal Palace, London • by 1850 Britain was producing more iron than the rest of the world together. • It made and owned more than half the world's total shipping Henry Courtney Selous, 'The Opening of the Great Exhibition', 1851 This great industrial empire was supported by a strong banking system developed during the eighteenth century.

The rise of the middle class • • • The middle class grew more quickly than before and included greater differences of wealth, social position and kinds of work: people who worked in the professions, such as the Church, the law, medicine, the civil service, the diplomatic service, merchant banking and the army and the navy. the commercial classes • Industrialists were often "self-made" men who came from poor beginnings. They believed in hard work, a regular style of life and being careful with money. • This class included both the very successful and rich industrialists and the small shopkeepers and office workers of the growing towns and suburbs. Walter Dendy Sadler Home sweet home Walter Dendy Sadler Doubtful Bottle

1851: first official population survey • • Only 60 per cent of the population went to church only 5. 2 million called themselves Anglicans, compared with 4. 5 million Nonconformists and almost 0. 5 million Catholics Survey – опрос

The problems of towns and cities • The cities and towns were overcrowded and unhealthy • The River Thames had become an open sewer and the Great Stink of 1858 • One baby in four died within a year of its birth • 1832: an outbreak of cholera killed 31, 000 people Sewer – сточная/канализационная труба Stink – вонь, зловоние Jack the Ripper London, 1888 A serial killer the body of a cholera victim is carried away; the bed clothes are washed in the stream, which is the local water supply for the other inhabitants

Towns: the improvements • • the middle of the century: towns began to appoint health officers and to provide proper drains and clean water. Some councils provided parks, libraries, public baths St Pancras Hotel and Station from Pentonville Road - John O'Connor Drain – канализация Typical home of a worker four small rooms (two upstairs and two downstairs), a small garden in front, and a larger one at the back

Ireland: the Great Famine • • • Protestant-Catholic struggle = struggle for Irish freedom from English rule 1845 -1847: potato crop failed; Ireland had enough wheat, but it belonged to Protestant landowners who grew it for Export 20% of the population died from hunger 1841 -1920: more than 50% of the population moved to the USA and Britain Famine – голод Famine Memorial, Dublin 2006

Liberalism and the growth of democracy • • The Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs. Liberals: free trade, a freer and more open society, minimal government interference in the economy • 1867 -1884: the number of voters increased from 20 % to 65 % 1872: voting was carried out in secret for the first time, the importance of allowing ordinary people to vote freely and without fear popular opinion the growth of the newspaper industry • • The House of Commons grew in size to over 650 members, The House of Lords lost the powerful position The British House of Commons in the 19 th Century

Workers and the Labour Party • • After 1850 a number of trade unions grew up 1868: the first congress of trade unions met in Manchester (118, 000 members) 1869: the new Trades Union Congress established a parliamentary committee to achieve worker representation in Parliament 1870 s: wages were lowered in many factories; this led to more strikes than had been seen in Britain before. • worker struggle • desire to work democratically within Parliament Oliver Twist (a film) the foundation of the Labour Party Crowe Eyre. The Dinner Hour Wigan

Britain’s empire • • • Britain was afraid of growing European competition It went on wars and created more and more colonies To invade countries it used such excuses as brining “civilization” to the people (Africa) or protecting “international shipping” (Egypt) Distance between ruler and ruled grew; the colonies became harder and harder to control By the end of the nineteenth century Britain controlled the oceans and much of the land areas of the world Kipling was born in India

Social and economic improvements (1875 -1914) • • • prices fell by 40% and real wages doubled. Most homes now had gas both for heating and lighting. poor families could eat better food (meat, fresh milk and vegetables). This greatly improved the old diet of white bread and beer. 1870, 1891: two Education Acts: all children had to go to school up to the age of thirteen; they were taught reading, writing and arithmetic • Britain began to build new universities: unlike Oxford and Cambridge, they taught more science and technology to feed Britain's industries.

Changes: Church and religion The authority of the Church was also weakened. • In the country the village priest no longer had the power • Churches were now half empty • By 1900 only 19% of Londoners went regularly to church. • Those who did usually lived in richer areas. • Today: under 10% are regular churchgoers. • The Church of England didn’t offer people help with the problems of their daily lives • Staying away from church was a kind of rebellion against the ruling establishment with which the Church was still closely connected. • In the village, the squire, who employed people, made them go to church • In the great cities of industrial Britain people were free, and they chose to stay away • People were also attracted by other ways of spending their Sundays

Changes • By the 1880 s, for the first time, working people could think about enjoying some free time. • They could go to museums, parks, swimming pools and libraries • The real popular social centre remained the alehouse or pub • People began to travel for pleasure. They often went to the seaside or the countryside • The invention of the bicycle gave a new freedom to working-class and middle-class people The French bycicle, invented in 1861 by Pierre Marchaux

The importance of sport Cricket An early game of football

The Twentieth century The greatest world power Weaker than USSR or USA Not a world power any more The beginning of the century The end of the century • A lot of money was spent on the two World wars • The cost of keeping up the empire • Weakness of the Britain’s industry

The Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912

The First World War (1914 -1918) The Central Powers: • Germany • Austria-Hungary The Allies: • Britain • France • Russia Germany nearly defeated the Allies in the first few weeks of war: it had better trained soldiers, better equipment and a clear plan of attack Britain was unprepared for the terrible destructive power of modern weapons Newspapers encouraged the nation to hate Germany, and to want its destruction when Germany offered to make peace at the end of 1916, the British government said “No” Peace conference Versailles, 1919 Germany was not invited to the conference, but was forced to accept its extremely severe punishment Germany acknowledged responsibility for the war, agreed to pay enormous war reparations and award territory to the victors 1916: The battle of Jutland 1915: German submarines started to sink merchant ships bringing supplies to Britain Jellicoe won the battle but German submarines sank 40% of Britain's merchant fleet and brought Britain to within 6 Admiral Jellicoe weeks of starvation

The results of the War "Everywhere the work of God is spoiled by the hand of man. " • • • Of 5 million soldiers, Britain lost 750 000 dead and 2 million wounded hatred of Germany great sorrow for the dead terrible destruction anger about the stupidity of war Government created hopes for a better future. It started: • building homes • improving health and education Progress was far less than people had been led to hope for Wounded – раненый Hatred – ненависть Sorrow – скорбь, горе Destruction – разрушение Anger – гнев

Political parties The growth of the Labour Party An enormous growth of the trade unions The number of voters doubled Most of them belonged to the working class ex-Tories The Labour Party got more and more seats in the government 2 1 some ex-Whigs 3 1924: The first Labour government Voter – избиратель Seat – место в парламенте The Labour Party wasn’t “socialist”. Only a few of the working class were interested social ideas of K. Marks and F. Engels. Still, the Communist party was established

The rights of women • 1897: “the suffragettes” started to fights for the right to vote, using extreme methods • The war in 1914 changed everything: Britain would have been unable to continue the war without the women who took men's places in the factories • 29% of the total workforce of Britain was female by 1918 Women: • started to wear lighter clothing, shorter hair and skirts, • began to smoke and drink openly, and to wear cosmetics • divorce became easier Two suffragettes campaign for the vote

The Republic of Ireland (Erie) • • • 1801: The Act of Union (Ireland became part of the UK) Home-rule movement in Ireland WW 1 began – the government called on Irishmen to join the army Some Irishmen didn’t want to die for the British, who had treated Ireland so badly. These republicans wanted full independence 1916: The “Easter Rising” (republicans rebelled in Dublin) It was quickly put down, most Irish disapproved of it. But the British executed all the leaders. The public was shocked. 1918: the republicans won elections in almost every area except Ulster they met in their own new parliament in Dublin and announced that Ireland was now a republic Irishmen joined the republic's army; guerrilla fighting against the British began. 1921: the British government agreed to the independence of southern Ireland. But it insisted that Ulster (or Northern Ireland as it became known) should remain united with Britain Elections – выборы Guerrilla war – партизанская война Dublin after the rebellion

The Depression • the war The “depression” in Europe • • • an enormous increase in taxation the size of the civil service doubled greater government control of national life • disagreement between workers and the government • Strikes 1926: general strike by all workers • lasted 9 days • trade union leaders feared of “going too far” Strike - забастовка The British Worker, the daily newspaper published during the general strike of 1926. Serious economic crisis Before the war Germany was Britain’s important trade partner The depression in Germany was more severe Britain lost its important market The worst effects of the depression in Britain were limited to certain areas The government did not take the situation seriously enough. The areas most affected by the depression were those which had created Britain's industrial revolution 1930 s: the British economy started to recover

The Second World War The Axis: • Germany • Italy • Japan The Allies: • Britain • USA • The Soviet Union • The reason: German expansion • Britain tried to avoid war at all costs (it wasn’t ready technically and emotionally) 1938: The British Prime minister Neville Chamberlain meets Hitler: Britain agreed to German takeover of German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia, German promised to stop its expansion • • • 1939: Germany invaded Poland. Britain entered the war. 1941: Germany attacked the USSR and Japan attacked the USA N. Chamberlain and A. Hitler in Munich, 1938 Winston Churchill led Britain through WW II

The new international order • USSR, USA, UK and France created the United Nations • The idea: to work together for the recovery of central Europe • It collapsed as there wasn’t common purpose any more: Communist Soviet control Capitalist system protected by US North Atlantic Treaty Organization

No longer the super power • • Britain controlled the Suez Canal 1956: Egypt decided to take it over Britain (with France and Israel) attacked Egypt The rest of the world disapproved of Britain’s action and forced Britain to remove its troops from Egypt • Britain couldn’t deal with the USA and the USSR as an equal

Social reforms Human’s rights Freedom of speech Political rights Social rights XVII-XVIII centuries XIX century XX century • Free secondary education • Free medical treatment • Financial help for the old, the unemployed, those unable to work through sickness, mothers and children Importance of people’s happiness and wellbeing If we speak of democracy we do not mean democracy which maintains the right to vote but forgets the right to work and the right to live. The Times, 1940 Wellbeing – здоровье, благополучие Maintain – утверждать, отстаивать

Swinging Sixties Hippies • Questioned authority and culture • Against the sexual rules of Christian society Twiggy Hippies – from “hip” (понимающий, знающий) Twiggy - тростинка The Rolling Stones

The loss of empire • 1918: Britain control ¼ land surface of the world • Rapid growth of local independence movements • Change in thinking in Britain • Britain is losing its empire

Prime Ministers Winston Churchill “It's not enough that we do our best; sometimes we have to do what's required. ” Margaret Thatcher, the Iron Lady • “In politics if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want anything done, ask a woman. ” • “Any woman who understands the problems of running a home will be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country. ”

The royal family Queen Elizabeth II Camilla Parker Bowles Charles, Prince of Wales Diana Spenser Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Ann, Princess Royal Andrew, Duke of York Edward, Earl of Wessex Prince Harry of Wales Prince William of Wales Catherine Middleton Philippa Middleton