The New Imperialism Chapter 15 Causes of

The New Imperialism Chapter 15

Causes of the New Imperialism • Definition: the control of one people by another (can be political, economic or cultural) – Between 1880 and 1914, European nations scrambled for political as well as economic control over foreign nations.

Motives for the New Imperialism • Economic Interests – What were the economic motives? • Political and Military Interests – What were these motivations?

Motivations Continued…. • Humanitarian & Religious Goals – Civilize, Christianize, Westernize – Why? – Missionary work: far more successful in Africa than in Asia and Islamic world. • Dr. David Livingston: first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa

Motivations Continued…. • Social Darwinism – Destruction of weaker races were natures way of improving the human species – "White Man's Burden": racist patronizing that preached that the “superior” Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the world. – Poem by Rudyard Kipling

Imperialism Succeeds – Why? • Older civilizations in decline: – What three major world empires in decline? – Slave trade affected African kingdoms and city states • Western Advantages – What were the western advantages?

Forms of Colonial Rule • True Colony – Colony that is ruled by officials from the mother country. The desired effect is that the colony becomes an extension of the mother country in all cultural, religious, economic ways. • Protectorates: Local rulers left in place but expected to do as European advisors said – usually dealing with missionary and trade issues. • Sphere of Influence: Exclusive investment and trade territory • European powers carved out these areas to avoid conflict within Europe

Scramble for Africa • Why was Africa called the “Dark Continent? ” • What did Africa Have that the Europeans Wanted?

Impact of the Slave Trade • European nations and American slowly began to abolish slavery – 1787 – Sierra Leone – British colony in West Africa for freed slaves – Liberia – United States slaves settled there – Became independent in 1847 • Demand for slaves in the Middle East and Asia continued • Hence the slave trade continued in Zanzibar

Impact of the Slave Trade

Process of the Colonization • Explorers – What were they exploring? • Missionaries – What did they do? – Why?

The Scramble for Africa Belgian Congo • At behest of Leopold II, H. M. Stanley established trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for Belgium. • Effect?

The Berlin Conference • Established the "rules" for conquest of Africa • Sponsored by Bismarck & Jules Ferry ; sought to prevent conflict in Europe – Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa – No imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territory with a government office established there. – Acknowledged Leopold’s private claim to Congo Free state but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers • NO African leaders were invited to attend – Why would they not invite African leaders to this conference?

Imperialism In Africa • 20 yrs. Later, Africa is almost completed carved up • Boundaries drawn with little or no ethnic concerns • What problems do think this caused?

Violence Due to Colonization • Belgium – Congo: Exploited the territory for its resources such as: Rubber, Copper and Ivory – Violence: Forced / Slave Labor – Brutality, Mutilation, decrease in population – The Belgian parliament took it away from Leopold because of the atrocities and made it a Belgian colony in 1908. – King Leopold’s Ghost • France – Conquered Algeria cost tens of thousands of French lives and even more Algerian lives

Britain in Africa • Egypt – Model for “New Imperialism” – Protectorate was supposed to be temporary – wound up lasting until 1956! • Sudan – Battle of Omdurman (1898): British defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11, 000 (use of machine gun) while only 28 Britans died – Fashoda Incident (1898): • France & Britain nearly went to war over Sudan; France backed down in the face of the Dreyfus Affair

Political Cartoon of British Imperialism

Britain in Africa • South Africa and the Boer War (1899 -1902) – Cecil Rhodes had become Prime Minister of Cape Colony • principal sponsor of the Cape-to Cairo dream where Britain would dominate the continent.

South Africa and the Boer War (1899 -1902) • By 1890 Britain controlled Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar • Causes: • What were they? • Effects: • Massive British force eventually defeated Boers • 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, combined to form the Union of South Africa. • System of racial segregation called APARTHEID

Resistance in Africa • In West Africa, Samori Toure fought French Forces • Yaa Asantewaa and the Asantes fought the British in West Africa in current nation of Ghana, formerly, the British “Gold Coast” • Nehanda of the Shona Tribe in Zimbabwe fought the Europeans

Resistance in Africa • Ethiopia – Menelik II • Modernized the country • Hired Europeans experts to plan modern roads and bridges • Set up a Western School system • Imported latest weapons and European officers to train army • Modernization was successful when Italy tried to invade

Europe Challenges the Muslim World Muslim world extended from Western Africa to Southeast Asia – Mughals in India – Ottomans in the middle east – Safavids in Iran What led to the decline of these empires? • Central governments had lost control over powerful groups such as landowning nobles and military elites • Corruption was widespread • Many scholars and religious people were discontented with the government

Decline of Muslim Empires Islamic reform movements • Most stressed religious piety and obedience to strict rules of behavior In addition to the decay of these empires, • They had to deal with western imperialism • Through diplomacy and military threat Europeans gained treaties – favorable trade • They demanded rights for their citizens in the area and then used that as an excuse to intervene in local affairs

Ottoman Empire • • Provincial rulers increased in power Economic problems and widespread corruption Nationalist revolts – Balkans – Greeks Serbs and Bulgarians Europeans sought to benefit from the collapsing of the empire Reforms • Tried to improve education • Had Europeans come in to train military • Sent young men to the west to study new sciences and technology What else are they going to learn in Western Europe? • Sultans rejected the one form of modernization or westernization that was needed to complete the puzzle – reform of government. • They tired to reinstate the autocracy that was there

Young Turks • 1890’s liberal group, stated that reform was the only way to save the empire • 1908 overthrew the Sultan • Before reforms, ottoman empire enters World War I in 1914

Egypt • Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Muslim soldier was appointed governor Egypt in 1805 • Positive reforms: – improved tax collection, – organized a landholding system, – began irrigation projects, – through cotton, he involved Egypt in world trade, – brought western military officials to help him build a well trained army – Tried to create an industrialized society

Egypt • The Suez Canal – French entrepreneur – Ferdinand de Lesseps organized the building of the canal – Linked Mediterranean sea and the Red sea – Why would Britain be interested in this project? – Muhammad Ali didn’t have the money to pay off the debt from the canal so he sold his shares of the canal to Britain • Britain extended her influence into Egypt and in 1882 it became a protectorate of Britain

Iran Safavid empire was on the decline • Western European nations such as Russia and Britain battled for influence in the region • For a time each country set up a sphere of influence in the region • 1900 – Discovery of oil led to tensions between two nations • Britain eventually became dominant tin the struggle when she sent troops in

The British in India • East India Company and Sepoy Rebellion • Won trading rights on the fringe of Mughal empire • As empire decline, East India Company’s influence grew • BEIC gained influence and control around India – – Outlawed Slavery Outlawed the Caste System Outlawed Sati Why would Indians be very upset over these changes?

The Sepoy Rebellion • Who were sepoys? • What caused the Rebellion?

British Colonial Rule (1858 -1947) • Effects: – Many sepoys marched to Delhi, the old Mughal capital and hailed the Mughal ruler as their leader. – Brutally massacred British men, women, and children – British: • Retaliated by torching villages and slaughtering Indians. • 1858, Parliament ended the East India Company rule in India

British Rule In India • Mercantilism: – What natural resources did Britain take from India? – What man-made item allowed for transportation to and from India to be quicker? – What did Britain flood Indian markets with? What were the effects? – Britain also cleared land to grow cash crops, what negative effects will this have?

British Rule in India • Benefits of British Rule: – Brought peace and order to country side – Created better justice system – Improved railroads – Telegraph and postal system helped connect different regions, developing Indian nationalism

Responses to Imperialism • Ram Mohum Roy in India – Combined both views Felt India could learn from the west, as well as revitalize traditional Indian culture – Was a scholar and knew many classic languages such as Sanskrit, Greek as well as English – Condemned: rigid caste distinctions, child marriage, sati purdah (isolation of women in separate quarters) – But also set up education system to revive pride in Indian culture. – Founder of Indian nationalism

Indian Nationalism – Indian National Congress: • 1885 became known as the congress party • Goal? – Muslim League: • 1906 – formed out of a fear of a Hindu –run government • Goal?

Section 5: China and the New Imperialism • The Trade Issue – Prior to 1800’s, Chinese rulers limited foreign trade – European merchants were restricted to a small area in Southern China – What things did china export? • China sold silk, porcelain, and tea in an exchange for gold and silver – What is a trade surplus? Deficit? – Did China have a trade surplus with the west or a deficit? – Why did Britain want to trade with China? – What problem resulted for Britain? – How did they solve this problem?

The Opium Wars What caused the Opium War? What were the effects? – Treaty of Nanjing (1842) : • Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain until 1997 • pay large indemnity • open up 4 large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs. • Extraterritoriality subjected Westerners to their home country’s laws rather than China’s

Internal Problems: Qing Dynasty in Decline Taiping Rebellion of 1850 • Primarily caused by differing Chinese factions: rebels opposed Manchus • Hong Xioquan – school teacher • Wanted to bring about the “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” or Taiping • Wanted certain changes that others considered radical – Land reform – Community ownership of property – Equality of women and men – Called for end of the Qing dynasty • Taiping rebels controlled large parts of China for 14 years but were eventually crushed by the regional government generals • As many as 20 million people perished.

Reform Efforts • • Chinese divided over whether to adopt western ways or not Most scholar officials felt that there was no reason for new industries since China’s money came from the land – They also disapproved of the Christian missionaries because they put down the Confucian tradition Late 1800’s Ci Xi (tsee shyee) new empress - Conservative Self – Strengthening Movement – What was its goal? – What did it do? – Why did it fail?

Imperialism in China Continued… • Much of eastern China by the late 19 th century became dominated by Britain , France, Russia, Japan and Germany • Sino-Japanese War (1845 -95) – Treaty of Shimonoseki • Japan gained Taiwan & Liaodong peninsula

Imperialism in China Continued… US Open Door Policy • What was it? • Why did the US pass it? • What effect did it have on China?

Imperialism in China Continued… • Hundred Days of Reform – 1898 Emperor Guang Xu ( gwawng shyoo) launched hundred days of reform – New laws set out to modernize the civil service exams, streamline government and encourage new industries – Reforms effected schools the military and the bureaucracy – Emperor imprisoned but Ci. Xi regained control – Effects?

The Fall of the Qing Dynasty • • Boxer Uprising – 1899 – group of Chinese formed a secret society called “The Righteous Harmonious Fists” – Causes? Aftermath of the Uprising – Final straw and China agrees to westernization • Allow women to enter schools • Stressed science and mathematics ion place of Confucian thought • Minor industrialization

Sun Yat Sen (Yixan) • Dr. Sun Yat-Sen – a revolutionary, sought to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and establish a republic; sparked the beginning of a Chinese nationalist movement – Three Principles of the People • Nationalism • Democracy • Livelihood

Fall of the Qing Dynasty • After Ci Xi dies a two year old takes the throne and he is the “Last emperor • China turned chaotic • 1911 uprisings crushed the dynasty • Sun Yixian named president of new Chinese republic

Imperialism in Asia

Japan Modernizes • Japan’s Isolationism – Why isolationist? – What was the Tokagawa Shogunate Period? – Why was each class discontented?

Japan Modernizes Japan • Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open up to trade 1853 • Treaty of Kanagawa – opened up two ports to US trade – Extraterritoriality – Most favored nation clause • What is the significance of this treaty? • What does this say about the United States? • 1867 – Damiyo and Samuri unseated shogun, “restored” 15 yr old emperor to power – Moved capital from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo)

Meiji Restoration: 1868 -1912 Enlightened Rule • What is the importance of the Meji Restoration? • Why is this considered one of the major turning points in Japanese history? • Meiji reformers ruled in Emperors name. • GOAL: Strengthen Japan – “A rich country, strong military” – Leaders set out to modernize Japan – Beat westerners at their own game

Meiji Restoration Meiji Constitution 1890 Political Reforms: • Strong Central Government • Bismarckian model – authority rests within the executive branch – Upper house – Meiji oligarchy – Diet - elected • The result was a system that was democratic in form, but despotic in practice – oligarchy • Separate depts. – Navy, army, superior finance

Meiji Restoration Continued… Economic: Major Priority • Business class to adopt western methods • Banking system, railroads, improved ports, organized telegraph • Industries began to grow – weaponry, shipbuilding and sake (fermented rice wine) • Once a business or enterprise was on its feet it was turned over to private ownership • Zaibatsu – business families • Industry Boomed – all the problems that industrialization brings • Urbanization

Meiji Restoration Continued… Social: • Ended legal distinctions between classes • Reformed military – embarked on a major program to create a military force that could compete in the modern world • Schools and a university – Universal education including technical subjects – adopted American model of education • Western culture flourishes / fashion / sports • Some women were eventually allowed to receive an education – From 1894 – 1912 women represented 60 percent of the Japanese labor force – 1898 – Women forbid to participate in government and legally put together with minors • Homogenous society – common culture and language – that gave it a strong sense of identity

Japanese Imperialism Why will Japan become an imperial power? What areas will they hope to conquer? • Korea – Russia expanded into Korea – Japanese naval pressure forced Korea open three ports to Japanese commerce – Korea was dependent on China for trade – Japan wanted to end that dependency • Sino – Japanese War – China supported conservatives at court – Japan supported radical faction in Chinese government that wanted to end Chinese influence in Korea – Result is Sino Japanese War • Japan succeeds • Treaty of Shimonoseki • Manchus forced to recognize independent of Korea, • cede Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula, and Port Arthur Naval base to Japan

Russo-Japanese War 1904 • Russia and Japan both had eyed on Manchuria and Korea, Why? • Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria • Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land subsequently. • Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

Russo-Japanese War 1904 Treaty of Portsmouth • (mediated by U. S. president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning land in Manchuria, and made a protectorate in Korea • Long-term impact of war: – Russia turned their attention to the Balkans (World War I) – Russian Revolution (First 1905 then 1917) – Revolt of Asia in 20 th century (Asians hoped to emulate Japan’s power and win their independence) – Attempted Cultural Genocide in Korea • March 1 st Movement

Southeast Asia and the Pacific • British Colonies: – Burma 1820’s – Maylay Peninsula • Why such a strategic location? – North Borneo

French Colonies • Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia • What effect did the French have on this region?

Thailand – Between British Burma and French Indochina lay kingdom of Siam • Did not underestimate European strength / avoided incidents that might have caused invasion • Did not become a colony / had to accept some unequal treaties • Britain and France made Thailand a buffer or neutral zone between them • Why?

Germany Territories • Marshall Islands and Samoa – US, Britain & Germany, Triple Protectorate

American Imperialism • After Spanish American War US took: – – Philippines Guam Hawaii Platt Amendment – Bases in Cuba

American Imperialism • • • Spain seized the Philippines in the 1500’s – Sent missionaries – Filipinos argued that church abused their position – Strong resistance to Spanish rule 1898 – War between Spain and US over Cuba’s independence – Spanish American War – Spain’s ships were destroyed in the Philippines – Rebel Filipinos helped the US – In return, the US placed the Philippines under US control through a peace settlement with Spain – 1899 Emilio Aguinaldo battled American forces – Americans crushed the rebellion – hundreds of Americans, and hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died US set out to modernize promised Filipinos some rule in the future

Economic Imperialism in Latin America • What were the problems facing the new nations of Latin America? • What was the colonial legacy? – Little experience with self-rule – Independence barely changed social hierarchy. Creoles replaced peninsulares as ruling class – Catholic Church kept its privileges – New constitutions guaranteed equality, but inequality remained – Voting rights limited – Land remained in the hands of a few • Unity weakened by regionalism or loyalty to a local area • Political Instability • Caudillos assembled private armies to resist central government • Gained national power • Ignored constitution / ruled as dictators • Power remained in the hands of a few

The Colonial Legacy • What is economic dependency? – Prior to independence what was the economic relationship between colony and MC? – After independence what was the economic relationship like between the newly independent nations and the west?

Economics in Latin America • Foreign Influence: – Foreign goods flooded LA markets – effects? – Under what conditions would America and Britain interject in Latin American affairs? • Economic Growth after 1850: – Foreign capital – mining and agriculture – Foreign investment in ports and railroads – Trade, investment, technology and migration: Latin American nations moved into the world economy – Tiny elite at the top gained / poor at the bottom suffered

US in Latin America • Monroe Doctrine – America acts alone and issues the Monroe Doctrine • the American continents are off limits for future colonization • Platt Amendment – Spanish American war 1898 – US joins Cuban effort for independence – US forces Cuba to accept Platt Amendment: • Gave use naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

US in Latin America • Intervention – Need to protect US investments – 1904 US issues Roosevelt Corollary: policy claiming the US were the international police power in the western hemisphere • Panama Canal – Why do they want a canal? – Belonged to Colombia – US helps Panamanians gain independence, in return the Panamanians give the US land to build canal – Opened in 1914 – eventually the canal will be given over to Panama by the year 2000.

Effects of Imperialism • • • Colonies around the world Exploitation of peoples Spread of literacy Destruction of local economies World War I Nationalist movements (anti-colonialism) Building of the Suez Canal Cultural Diffusion Attempted cultural genocide (Japanese in Korea) • Tribal Warfare in Africa – Later on, Acts of Genocide

Advantages & Disadvantages Mother Country Advantages Imperialized Territory New Markets Medicine Raw Materials Technology Spread of Empire Education Military Bases Spread of Faith, Law, Disadvantages Disease Loss of Culture / Identity Nationalistic uprisings