The morphology and kinematics of planetary nebulae: a tribute to Hugo Schwarz Romano L. M. Corradi Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
My story with Hugo, and our story with PNe, started on 1991 at ESO Chile… 1. Catalogue of CCD narrowband images of PNe and morphological classification 2. Studies of the kinematic properties of bipolar PNe 3. Search and study of nebulae around symbiotic stars
1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe… The first extensive CCD surveys had appeared: Jewitt et al 1986 Ap. J 302, 727 44 PNe (“haloes”) Chu et al. 1987 Ap. JS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells) Balick 1987 AJ 94, 671 51 PNe and a morphological sequence (round elliptical butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar Winds theory Schwarz, Corradi & Melnick 1992 A&AS 96, 23 255 PNe
1) Catalogue of CCD images of PNe… The first extensive CCD morphological studies had appeared: Jewitt et al 1986 Ap. J 302, 727 44 PNe (haloes) Chu et al. 1987 Ap. JS 64, 529 ~100 PNe (multiple-shells) Balick 1987 AJ 94, 671 51 PNe and a morphological sequence (round elliptical butterfly ) linked with the Generalised Interacting Stellar Winds theory Schwarz, Corradi & Melnick 1992 A&AS 96, 23 255 PNe
1) … its morphological classification… Schwarz, Corradi & Stanghellini 1992 IAU Symp. 155, p. 214
1). . and the study of the statistical properties of the morphological classes of PNe Stanghellini, Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 276, 463 Schwarz & Corradi 1995 APN 1 Corradi & Schwarz 1995 A&A 293, 871 Bipolar PNe belong to a younger Galactic stellar population than elliptical and round PNe, i. e. have more massive progenitors: • smaller scale height on the Galactic plane; • more ordered Galactic kinematics; • hotter central stars; • He and N overabundances; • … Corradi APN 2 discusses why the characteristic above is not necessarily a decisive constraint for the physical mechanisms shaping collimated PNe
2) Studies of the kinematics of bipolar PNe Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L 37 Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 268, 714; … 269, 462; … 273, 247; … 278, 247 Aspin et al. 1993 A&A 278, 255 Schwarz et al. 1997 A&A 319, 267 NGC 6537 Streamlines are radial and gas is expanding in a ballistic way: self-similar expansion in a Hubble-like flow (V ∝ r). Shaping occurs in the early evolution, and an asymptotic shape (self-similar regime) is quickly reached Corradi APN 3
2) Point-symmetry Precession? Schwarz 1993, in 2 nd ESO/CTIO Workshop on “Mass loss on the AGB and beyond”, La Serena, Chile, 21 -24 Jan 1992. Edited by H. E. Schwarz, ESO 1993
2) A special case and a beauty: M 2 -9 Today’s Astronomy Picture of the Day!
2) … the dusty dentist’s mirrors of M 2 -9… Schwarz et al. 1997 A&A 319, 267 Nature and expansion parallax of its dusty outermost knots VN = Vexp+ Vexp sin i VS = Vexp- Vexp sin i
2) … and its “light house” Monitoring since the end of the 80’s, mainly at ESO first and then at the Nordic Optical Telescope when Hugo moved to La Palma on 1995
2) … and its “light house” N 2 N 1 S 2 For the same longitude, the “illuminating” beam excites N 2 and S 2 about 2 yr later than N 1 and S 1, which corresponds to a travelling speed of ~5000 km/s particle beam=jet? Doyle et al. 2000 AJ 119, 339 Prot=90 -130 yr Corradi et al. in preparation
3) Symbiotic stars can do it R Aqr nebula known since 1921 (Lampland 1923 PAAS 4, 319), but the concept that a large fraction of symbiotic Miras have (collimated) nebulae very similar to PNe, which illustrate the potential importance of binary interactions for the shaping of PNe, started growing from the moment that Hugo discovered the Southern Crab and other symbiotic nebulae. Schwarz Aspin & Lutz 1989 Ap. J 344 L 29 Corradi et al. 2001 Ap. J 553 221
AS 201 Schwarz 1991 A&A 243, 469 V 417 Cen van Winckel et al. 1994 A&A 285, 241 BI Cru HM Sge Schwarz & Corradi 1992 A&A 265, L 37 Corradi & Schwarz 1993 A&A 715, 725 V 1016 Cyg CH Cyg Corradi et al. 1999 A&A 348, 978
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