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The Middle East Prior to WWI The Middle East Prior to WWI

Preview • Who is he? • What was his occupation? • What was his Preview • Who is he? • What was his occupation? • What was his nationality? • What was his race? • What do you think happened to him?

Processing • Capt. Alfred Dreyfus • Soldier • French • Jewish • Degradation, imprisonment Processing • Capt. Alfred Dreyfus • Soldier • French • Jewish • Degradation, imprisonment And • How is the Dreyfus Affair an example of wide spread Anti. Semitism?

• PARIS, July 6 — One hundred years ago this month, Capt. Alfred • PARIS, July 6 — One hundred years ago this month, Capt. Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jewish army officer who had spent five years on Devil's Island for high treason and an additional seven years trying to clear his name, was absolved by France's Supreme Court. Jul 7, 2006

Background on the Middle East (ME) • Territory: Turkey to Afghanistan & part of Background on the Middle East (ME) • Territory: Turkey to Afghanistan & part of N. Africa • Birthplace for 3 monotheist rel. : Judaism, Christianity, Islam • Ottomans: 500 yrs –Aft. WWI=Turkey –Great Britain (GB)=Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq –Fr=Syria, Lebanon

– Jewish nationalist=homeland= Zionist – Kibbutzim: social farming communities – Pogroms – Jewish nationalist=homeland= Zionist – Kibbutzim: social farming communities – Pogroms

• Balfour Declaration (1917) – Sir Arthur Balfour: both Jews and Pal. w/ • Balfour Declaration (1917) – Sir Arthur Balfour: both Jews and Pal. w/ homeland – Ea. side believed they had GB support – 85, 000 (1914) to 445, 000 (1930) ¼ of pop. – Riots broke out; immigration limited

The Middle East WWII-present The Middle East WWII-present

Preview • What is happening in this photograph? • Who are the people that Preview • What is happening in this photograph? • Who are the people that are blindfolded? • Why is this event significant?

Processing • People are being taken hostage. • American citizens • Iranian Hostage Crisis Processing • People are being taken hostage. • American citizens • Iranian Hostage Crisis – Still have a bad relationship with them today; view ea. other as threat

Camp David Accords Camp David Accords

– 1978 border dispute btw. Egypt and Israel finally settled • Anwar Sadat: Egypt – 1978 border dispute btw. Egypt and Israel finally settled • Anwar Sadat: Egypt • Menachim Begin: Israel • Jimmy Carter: US –Nobel Peace Prize 2002 –Still working in ME

On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade in Cairo. On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade in Cairo. The assassination had been planned by Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the U. S. for his role in the 1993 World trade Center bombing.

The officers in charge of the parade security for Sadat were on hajj to The officers in charge of the parade security for Sadat were on hajj to Mecca. As the air force jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, a troop truck halted before the presidential reviewing stand, and a lieutenant strode forward. Sadat stood to receive his salute, whereupon the assassins rose from the truck, throwing grenades and firing assault rifle rounds. The attack lasted about two minutes.

Culture & conflicts • Economy – Oil: Organization of Petroleum Exports (OPEC) • Rt. Culture & conflicts • Economy – Oil: Organization of Petroleum Exports (OPEC) • Rt. Price for their product • Oil crisis 1973: shortages & increased prices wh/ forced options 1. Conservation 2. Alternatives

Making the connection • The continuing oil crisis has forced what new options for Making the connection • The continuing oil crisis has forced what new options for energy sources in the US? • Why do you think the US is reluctant to reduce its dependency on foreign oil?

–Tension • 1975 Persian Gulf countries w/ highest per capita income in the world=blending –Tension • 1975 Persian Gulf countries w/ highest per capita income in the world=blending of old & new • Islamic fundamentalist –Obedience to the basic laws of the religion

• Iran –Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi wanted modernization like the west; great friend • Iran –Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi wanted modernization like the west; great friend of US –Conservative Muslims= ayatollahs wanted an Islamic republic in strict obedience to Koran

–Ayatollah Khomeini: • “Death to the Shah” “Down with America” 1979 Shah fled to –Ayatollah Khomeini: • “Death to the Shah” “Down with America” 1979 Shah fled to US & AK to power 1979 US embassy taking 60 AM hostage for 444 days; • Released in 1981 when Reagan cam to power –Demand: Shah be returned to Iran for trial

October 22, 1979 received treatment in NY Died in Egypt on July 27 th, October 22, 1979 received treatment in NY Died in Egypt on July 27 th, 1980, aged 60.

Ayatollah Khomeini Ayatollah Khomeini

Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan

• Iraq – War w/ Iran over rel. differences – Saddam Hussein in • Iraq – War w/ Iran over rel. differences – Saddam Hussein in power in Iraq wh/ = secular leadership

• Hussein –Opposed W. influence & wanted to lead an United Arab World • Hussein –Opposed W. influence & wanted to lead an United Arab World against Israel – 1979: 20 cabinet members executed wh/ = total obedience due to fear –“Sword of the Arabs”

Iraq under Hussein • Testing new world order • Charter of Paris 1990 • Iraq under Hussein • Testing new world order • Charter of Paris 1990 • August 2, 1990 Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait –w/I 1 hr. 100, 000 Iraqi soldiers @capt. Kuwait city –President George Bush = “naked aggression”

Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein

41 st President George Bush 41 st President George Bush

• Kuwait 1. War w/ Iran = $80 bil debt 2. 120 mile • Kuwait 1. War w/ Iran = $80 bil debt 2. 120 mile shoreline w/ best deep H 20 port 3. 2 islands blocked Iraq fr. Gulf 4. Wanted oil reserves 5. Good position to invade Saudi Arabia

• President George Bush 1. No 1 nation can dominate the ME 2. • President George Bush 1. No 1 nation can dominate the ME 2. Production of nuclear weapons threatened Israel wh/ = war

3. Upset global balance of power – Hussein compared to Hitler – Gather allies 3. Upset global balance of power – Hussein compared to Hitler – Gather allies – Operation Desert Shield – Congress voted for war 01 -161991 – Operation Desert Storm=Persian Gulf War – Kuwait City freed 02 -27 -1991

1993 attack on World Trade Center *News footage video* 1993 attack on World Trade Center *News footage video*

What is happening in this picture? What is happening in this picture?

• September 11, 2001 –Attack on the World Trade Center, New York City • September 11, 2001 –Attack on the World Trade Center, New York City –Al-Qaeda –Osama Bin Laden –Afghanistan –Saddam Hussein: Iraq

Osama bin Laden Osama bin Laden

President Bush addresses a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001 President Bush addresses a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001

• President George W. Bush –Weapons of mass destruction nd Persian Gulf War • President George W. Bush –Weapons of mass destruction nd Persian Gulf War – 2 – 8 years of fighting

President Obama • Slowly w/drawing troops • Leaving 33, 000 troops there for undetermined President Obama • Slowly w/drawing troops • Leaving 33, 000 troops there for undetermined amount of time • Concerned w/ Iran • Sworn to protect Israel

Making the Connection How old were you when 09/11 happened? How has 09/11 directly Making the Connection How old were you when 09/11 happened? How has 09/11 directly affected you?

ISIS • http: //abcnews. go. com/WN/fullpage/isistrail-terror-isis-threat-us-25053190 ISIS • http: //abcnews. go. com/WN/fullpage/isistrail-terror-isis-threat-us-25053190

Iranian Arms Deal 2015 Iranian Arms Deal 2015