The Middle Ages IV 590 -1517 Late Middle

The Middle Ages IV 590 -1517 Late Middle Ages Assisi, Captivity, Schism and Inquisition

Frater Parvulus “little brother” Il poverello “little poor man” Giovanni (John) di Bernardone renamed Francesco A. K. A St. Francis of Assisi

St. Francis of Assisi • • From a fairly well off family Served as a soldier Convicted by a leper and kissed his hand Gave away all he had (his fathers goods included) • Kicked out of his family • Ran away to serve the poor especially the lepers

St. Francis of Assisi • Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little Portion” • Heard the call to preach and did so • Lived by Matthew 16: 24 -26, 19: 21, and Luke 9: 1 -6 • He was simple and loved animals • Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was therefore anti-education as it inspired pride • Was married to poverty

St. Francis of Assisi • He attracted followers called the fratres minores “the lesser brethren” • Worked to earn food/lodging whenever possible, when not they stayed where they could. • Extreme emphasis on living out the gospel • Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud • Companion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi • Order taken over by papacy and Francis’ ideology ultimately was set aside

Mediaeval Dissenters Heretics and Non-Catholics • Cathari – middle aged manichaens • Albigensians – lived in Toulouse, the object of a Crusade • Beghards – distinctively clothed mendicants seeking “brod durch Gott” bread through God • Waldenses – one of the few to survive through persecution, almost preprotestants

The Inquisition • Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church is not thirsty for blood” • Priests were not to order/attend executions • Pinnacle of mixing church and state • Heretics are little foxes • Dominican monks were the primary force behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans were involved as well

The Inquisition • 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means of obtaining confession • Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of souls instead focusing purely on heretics • They were given power to excommunicate, lay interdict, and absolve acts of violence • Punishments were seizure of property, life imprisonment, and death • Spies were paid out of seized goods • Some places resisted, especially Germany

The Inquisition • German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the Lords watch-dog” • Confessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth • Deprived her of maidservants and separated her from her three children • Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing ultimately resulting in her death • Konrad freely burned “Luciferans” • He was murdered in 1233, buried next to Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith. ”

Babylonian Captivity 1305 -1378 • Pope Gregory VIII vs. King Phillip the Fair • Benedict XI was more concilaitory than Gregory and gave in to the Emperor ending the conflict. • He was given poison in a dish of figs and died • The Frenchman Clement V was elected pope starting the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy • The papal throne was moved to Avignon • 7 popes, 70 years Clement V-Gregory XI

Babylonian Captivity 1305 -1378 • Clement V undoes all that Boniface VIII had done • France is declared in this dispensation as Israel was in the last. • Oct. 13 1307 – The Templar holdings were siezed and the Templars arrested. • 1308 Clement V authorizes their persecution • John XXII 1316 -1334 – greedy as well as doctrinally poor • Benedict XII 1334 -1342 - a moderate and good ruler, he opposed nepotism and built a permanent Papal seat in Avignon

Babylonian Captivity 1305 -1378 • Clement VI 1342 -1352 – nepotist who lived richly, money, food, and women. Avignon was officially purchased costing 80, 000 florins • Black Death spreading across Europe • Innocent VI 1352 -1362 – reduced the excesses of Avignon, and fought to hold Rome together • Urban V 1362 -1370 – returns to Rome and settles in the Vatican and starts rebuilding • Gregory XI 1370 -1378 – restoration of papacy to Rome to prevent anti-popes

The Papal Schism • Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid after his death, to forestall anti-popes • After a mucky succession Urban VI became pope in 1378 • He was a terrible politician and insulted the Cardinals • In response the Cardinals return to France and elect Clement VII as pope • This starts a war Clement VII is held out of Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is split

The Papal Schism Roman Line Urban VI 1378 -1389 Boniface IX 1389 -1404 Innocent VII 1404 -1406 Gregory XII 1406 -1415 Avignon Line Clement VII 1378 -1394 Benedict XII 1394 -1409 Pisan Line Alexander V 1409 -1410 John XXIII 1410 -1415 Martin V 1417 -1431

The Papal Schism • Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and anti -simonist. He has captive cardinals slain • Clement VII was political and flexible. He submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead Cardinal • Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotist • Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He was also only 35 years old.

The Papal Schism • Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with heretics pirates and brigands. • He was driven from Rome as his nephew had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didn’t like the new ruler • Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less ambition. • Took a vow when coming to office to heal the schism even if it meant abdicating

The Papal Schism • Benedict XIII a. k. a. Peter de Luna refused to back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication. • The French king Charles VI 1380 -1412 was weak and insane which minimalized his influence • Multiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The Council of Pisa • It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching Rome • Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope

The Papal Schism • Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope • Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Constance lasting 4 years 1414 -1418 • John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in France • Popes are declared fallible and subject to Councils • John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefully • Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the Schism