The Market Industrial Revolutions 1 ß

The Market & Industrial Revolutions 1

ß transforms of America from self-sufficient farms to producing for markets/ industry. ß This involved 5 things: 1. Labor (immigration) 2. Capital (bank, tariffs) 3. Entrepreneurial talent (Slater, Lowell) 4. New Technology (cotton gin, mills) 5. Infrastructure (canals, rails) 2

Population Growth from 1620 to 1860 31. 5 million 12. 9 million 5. 3 million 2. 1 million Labor 3

Sources of Immigration, 1820 -40 4

Irish Immigration q Irish Potato Famine 1845 -1849 q New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston q too poor to move inland so they stayed in cities- didn’t settle much in the south due to competition q. Hated– Catholic, illiterate, poor q“No Irish need apply!”- used as strikebreakers q Eventually became active politically q. NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine 5

German Immigration ßMost came as political refugees from democratic revolutions in 1848 ßBetter off than Irish, went west (Wisconsin) ßEducated, often politically radical. ßMany were suspicious because they preserved language, culture and lived in separate communities. 6

Nativism invasion of Ø “nativists” feared 1840 s & 1850 s immigrants Ø Took jobs, Roman Catholic allegiance to a pope and were growing rapidly. ØCatholics built their own schools Ø Violent political parties formed: Ø Know Nothing (American) Party Ø Order of the Star Spangled Banner 7

H production moves from farmhouse to factories h. Mass production h. Textile manufacturing begins in Britain & smuggled to U. S. H US slow to embrace factory system h. Scarce labor h. Little capital h. Superiority of British factories H War of 1812 huge catalyst for change. 8

• Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. Samuel Slater the • Using smuggled technology he built "Father of the first textile mill in 1793 -Pawtucket, American Factory Rhode Island. System. " • Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day 9

Early Textile Loom What impact did this have on the price of clothing? Price of cotton? Relationship with Southern Planters? 10

H Francis C Lowell 1775 – 1817 built British-style factories with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody H massive mill complex. H Factory town- (escorted to church, total supervision) H Hired mostly young Yankee farm girls. Lowell Girls H Horrendous working conditions but gave the girls pride. h 13 hrs. a day, 6 days a week 11

The Lowell System Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832 12

Workers & Wage Slaves H With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed H Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc. h. Labor unions illegal H 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10 13

Workers & Wage Slaves H 1820 s & 1830 s: right to vote for laborers h. Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions h. Fought for 10 -hour day, higher wages, better conditions H 1830 s & 1840 s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10 -hour day h 1837 depression hurt union membership H Commonwealth v. Hunt h. Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful 14

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H 1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home h. Vast majority of working women were single h. Left paying jobs upon marriage Cult of Domesticity: Separate Spheres H H H Men’s sphere was working, women’s was the home. Pacify your husbands… Empowered married women Glory to homemakers Inspire & support your husband. Aspired for by many, but few women achieved it. 16

1800 41 patents were approved. 1860 4, 357 approved 17

The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery. • Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry. • He is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dies for pistols and rifles. • Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution. 18

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine H Cotton gin invented in 1793 h 50 times more effective than hand picking H Raising cotton more profitable h. South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton” H New England factories flourish with Southern cotton 19

H 1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first successful steamboat. HThe steamboat was the only mechanical means of river transportation from 1808 through 1930. HBefore this, river travel was one-way only. 20

John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837) Enabled settlement of Midwest 21

Cyrus Mc. Cormick & the Mechanical Reaper (1834) 22

Samuel F. B. Morse the telegraph (and code) 1840 – Telegraph “WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT” 23

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858 Could've used this in 1815… 24

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840 s Sewing Machine Perfected by Singer Gave boost to northern industry Allowed people to buy it “on time” (payment plan) Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry Led many women into factories 25