The many Wonders of Fe EDTA Room Temperature

"The many Wonders of Fe. EDTA: Room Temperature Incineration of Pollutants, and The Detection of Peroxide Based Explosives Frank Cheng Associate Professor of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow, ID 83844 -2343 Email: ifcheng@uidaho. edu Tel. : 208 -885 -6387 Fax: 208 -885 -6173 Homepage: http: //www. chem. uidaho. edu/faculty/ifcheng/ 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 1

Outline n Background and History of EDTA n I] Room Temperature and Pressure Combustion of Organic Pollutants and Nerve Agent Surrogates – The Search for a Green Oxidant n II] A Detector for Peroxide-Based Explosives n III] A Model for the Role of Calcium and Zinc in Biological Oxidations 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 2

EDTA – A brief history n Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid n 1930’s Ferdinand Munz first synthesizes EDTA as a substitute for amino acids in textile processing. n Annual Production 100, 000 metric tons. http: //www. chm. bris. ac. uk/motm/edtah. ht m 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 3

EDTA • Finds widespread use in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations • Newer uses – manufacture of textiles and in paper-pulp bleaching q. Swedish pulping industry where the use of EDTA has increased from 2, 000 metric tons to about 8, 000 metric tons per year from 1990 to 2000. Ekland, B; Bruno, E; Lithner, G. ; Hans, B. ; “Use of Etheylenediaminetetraacetic acid in Pulp Mills and Effects on Metal Mobility and Primary Products”; Environ. Toxicol. Chem. ; 2002; 21(5), 1040 -1051. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 4

EDTA – Modern Uses http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/EDTA n n n Industrial cleaning: complexation of Ca and Mg ions, binding of heavy metals. Detergents: complexation of Ca and Mg (reduction of water hardness). Pulp and paper industry: complexation of heavy metals during chlorine-free bleaching, stabilization of hydrogen peroxide. Textile industry: complexation of heavy metals, bleach stabilizer. Food: added as preservative to prevent catalytic oxidation by metal ions or stabilizer and for iron fortification. Personal care: added to cosmetics to work in synergy with preservatives and to improve product stability. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 5

EDTA – Modern Uses -http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/EDTA n n n Oil production: added into the borehole to inhibit mineral precipitation. Dairy and beverage industry: cleaning of bottles from milk stains. Flue gas cleaning: removal of NOx. Medicine: used in chelation therapy (brand name Endrate®, marketed by Hospira; generic product is also on the market) for acute hypercalcemia and mercury and has been used for lead poisoning. Added to many soft drinks containing ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate, to reduce the formation of benzene (a carcinogen). Can be used in the recovery of used lead acid batteries. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 6

EDTA – Modern Uses http: //www. dow. com/productsafety/images/edtachart. jpg 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 7

EDTA – Modern Uses n Used in dentistry as a root canal irrigant to remove compounds of organic and inorganic debris (smearlayer). 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 8

Metal Complexes http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/EDTA n Agrochemicals: Fe, Zn and Cu fertilizer, especially in calcareous soils. n Photography: use of Fe(III)EDTA as oxidizing agent. n Scavenging metal ions: in biochemistry and molecular biology, ion depletion is commonly used to inactivate enzymes which could damage DNA or proteins 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 9

Complexation of Fe(II/III) with EDTA n p. Ka 1 -6 = 0. 0, 1. 5, 2. 0, 2. 66, 6. 16, 10. 24 n Kf(Fe. II) = 1014. 32 n Kf(Fe. III) = 1025. 1 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 10

Cyclic voltammetry http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry red 0. 7 volts ox n Applied potential waveform to electrode n ox + e- = red 10 September 2007 E 0 = 0. 7 volts University of Idaho - Washington State University 11

The Cyclic Voltammogram ox + e- red Start E End E ox + e- <-- red 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 12

Cyclic Voltammetry of Fe(II/III)EDTA n 1. 0 m. M Fe. IIIEDTA n p. H 7. 40, 0. 1 M HEPES buffer n 10 m. V/sec n C disk electrode Fe. IIIEDTA + e- Fe. IIEDTA 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 13

CV of Fe(II/III)EDTA in the presence of O 2 n Electrocatalytic (EC’) Voltammetry 2 Figure 1. Cyclic voltammetric curves on a p. H =3 sample A 1. 5 1 u. A A) 0. 1 m. M Fe. IIIEDTA and O 2 saturated, B) 0. 1 m. M Fe. IIIEDTA only, scan rate = 5 m. V/s. 10 September 2007 0. 5 B B 0 -0. 5 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0 -0. 1 -0. 2 -0. 3 -0. 4 V University of Idaho - Washington State University 14

The reducing current is amplified and oxidizing current is absent in EC’ mechanism n Electrochemical reduction coupled with a homogeneous reaction 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 15

Kinetic Realities e- Fe. IIIEDTA fast Fe. IIEDTA Electrode e- O 2 slow O 2. - 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 16

Mediated Electron Transfer Catalytic Current Electrode e- Fe. IIIEDTA O 2 fast Fe. IIEDTA 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University fast O 2. - 17

The Fenton Reaction n Fe. IIIEDTA + e- = Fe. IIEDTA n Fe. IIEDTA + H 2 O 2 = Fe. IIIEDTA + HO- + HO∙ (fast) n H 2 O 2 + e- = HO- + HO∙ (slow) 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 18

EC’ Voltammetry with the Fenton Reaction Mechanism 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 19

Summary of Voltammetry n EC’ mechanisms of n Fenton Reaction q q n Fe. IIIEDTA + e- = Fe. IIEDTA + H 2 O 2 = Fe. IIIEDTA + HO- + HO∙ Oxygen Reduction q q Fe. IIIEDTA + e- = Fe. IIEDTA + O 2 = Fe. IIIEDTA + O 2. - 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 20

Outline of Investigation n I] Room Temperature and Pressure Combustion of Organic Pollutants and Nerve Agent Surrogates – The Search for a Green Oxidant n II] A Detector for Peroxide-Based Explosives n III] A Model for the Role of Calcium and Zinc in Biological Oxidations 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 21

The search for a “green” oxidant n Problems with chlorine based bleaching methods. n Prefer low temperature and pressures, energy savings n Oxygen is the ultimate green oxidant. n Oxygen is kinetically stable 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 22

Overall Goals of Our Green Oxidation Program § The destruction or neutralization of xenobiotics, including nerve agents and chlorinated pesticides using green oxidation chemistry. § Focus on non-biological oxygen activation to eliminate the need for tricky enzyme based systems 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 23

Molecular Oxygen n O 2 is kinetically stable n Oxygen’s two unpaired electrons make it difficult to accept a bonding pair n Partially reduced oxygen 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 24

Reactive Oxygen Forms • O=O • b. o. = 2 120 kcal/mol +e- • O-O • b. o. = 1. 5 80 kcal/mol G +4 e+4 H+ +2 e+2 H+ HO-OH b. o. = 1 50 kcal/mol 2 H 2 O 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 25

Molecular Oxygen as a Facile Oxidant • Diagram showing reaction oxygen intermediates between O 2 and H 2 O. • H+ left out for simplicity. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 26

The Fenton Reaction H 2 O 2 + e- HO • + HO- Fe(II) Fe(III) + e- Fe(II) + H 2 O 2 Fe(III) + HO • + HO- H. J. H. Fenton. J. Chem. Soc. 1894, 65, 889. F. Haber and J. J. Weiss. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A. 1934, 147, 332. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 27

Oxygen Activation n Biological q cytochrome P 450 enzymes, monooxygenase 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 28

Fe°, EDTA, Air (ZEA) system n. Fe(0), EDTA, & air n. The only nonbiological system known to date that can activate O 2 under RTP and produce a facile oxidizing species capable of extensively degrading xenobiotics n. Organophosphorous agents n. Halocarbons n. Organics IF Cheng, et al, Ind. & Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42(21), 5024 -5030. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 29

Zero-Valent Iron Remediation of Halocarbons n Iron as a reducing agent for halogenated organics n Fe(0) + R-X + H 2 O Fe 2+ + R-H + OH- + X- 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 30

Appearance of oxidation products n Fe(0) + R-X + H 2 O Fe 2+ + R-H + OH- + X- n Oxidized Hydrocarbons/LMW carboxylates 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 31

Fe°, EDTA, Air (ZEA) system III Fe EDTA Fe 0 O 2 - e . - O 2 + 2 H+ II Fe EDTA 2+ Fe + EDTA II Fe EDTA 10 September 2007 + H 2 O 2 III - Fe EDTA + HO University of Idaho - Washington State University + HO· 32

Outline of ZEA Research n Introduction q q n General Reaction Scheme q n 10 September 2007 EDTA q Chlorinated phenols q Organophosphorus and UXO compounds Mechanisms q n Zero-valent iron/EDTA/air (ZEA) system Degradation Kinetics and Reaction Products q n Environmental Impact of EDTA The RTP Dioxygen Activation Rate-limiting Step Conclusions University of Idaho - Washington State University 33

Concerns about EDTA q q q Many industrial chelating agents are not degradable by methods currently found in wastewater treatment facilities Not readily biodegradable Considerable quantities of EDTA pass through wastewater treatment facilities in the form of Fe. IIIEDTA, as high as 18µM. Sillanpaa, Mika; Orma, Marjatt; Ramo, Jaakko; Oikair; “The importance of ligand speciation in environmental research: a case study”; The Science of the Total Environment; 2001; 267, 2331. Sillanpaa, M; Pirkanniemi, K. ; “Recent Developments in Chelate Degradation”; Environmental Technology, 2001, 22, 791. Kari, F. G. ; Giger W; Modeling the Photochemical Degradation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate in the River Glatt; Environmental Science and Technology; 1995, 29, 2814. Nirel, P. et. al. ; Method for EDTA Speciation Deteremination: Application to Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents; Wat. Res; 1998; 32, 3615. Kari, F. G. and Giger W. ; Speciation and fate of EDTA in municipal wasterwater treatment. Wat. Res. , 1996, 30, 122 -134. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 34

Concerns about EDTA n Questions regarding the ability to mobilize metals in the environment. q q q n Currently not being monitored or treated at waste water treatment facilities Concern for heavy metal mobility and longer bioavailability of metals to aquatic plants and animals Stable in aquatic environment EDTA is anthropogenic and long-lived. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 35

Goals • The destruction or neutralization of EDTA (xenobiotics) • Search for in situ conditions that will aid in the reduction in the release of EDTA in emerging green chemistries. Inexpensive & Safe Processes. • Room Temperature and Pressure Conditions (RTP) • Common Reagents – Long Term Storage • No Specialized Catalysts • System that may be incorporated into existing water treatment systems 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 36

Experimental Setup 1 m. M EDTA (Total Vol. 50 m. L) 2. 5 g Fe° 30 -40 mesh Aldrich Open to the Atmosphere 125 ml round bottom flask Aliquots were taken directly from reaction vessel, diluted, filtered and injected into HPLC stir bar 2. 5 g Fe° 10 September 2007 Bioanalytical Systems – RPM controlled stir plate University of Idaho - Washington State University 37

Visual Detection of H 2 O 2 Produced by ZEA System n [HCl] = 0. 04 M [ammonium molybdate] = 0. 08 m. M [KI] = 80 m. M [EDTA] = 0 or 1. 2 m. M Agar (Starch) n Proposed n n 2 Fe. IIEDTA + O 2 + 2 H+ 2 Fe. IIIEDTA + H 2 O 2 + 3 I- +2 H+ I 3 - + 2 H 2 O I 3 - + starch blue-violet complex 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 38

Iron wire: EDTA Absent & starch reagents 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 39

Iron wire: EDTA Present 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 40

EDTA required for the ZEA reaction Qualitative Results Fe(0) + O 2 + 2 H+ Fe 2+ + H 2 O 2 Slow 2 Fe. IIEDTA + O 2 + 2 H+ 2 Fe. IIIEDTA + H 2 O 2 Fast 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 41

Evidence for Production of Reactive Oxygen Species n ROS q n O 2 - • , H 2 O 2, HO. , Fe. IV=O, etc. Two Analyses were performed q q Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay Addition of known radical scavenger, 1 -butanol 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 42

Suppression of EDTA degradation with the addition of Radical Scavenger 1 -butanol is a • OH radical scavenger (■) kobs = -1. 11 M-1 hr-1 (▲)kobs = -0. 08 M-1 hr-1 with 5 m. M 1 -butanol (2. 5 g ZVI g, 1. 00 m. M EDTA, open to air) Mantzavinos D; Water Res. 2004 Jul; 38(13): 3110 -8. J Hazard Mater. 2004 Apr 30; 108(1 -2): 95 -102. University of Idaho - Washington State 10 September 2007 University 43

Summary of ZEA system and O 2 n n n Both TBARS and butanol tests indicate that ZEA system is able to produce facile oxidant from air at RTP Rare form of abiotic O 2 activation at RTP Identity of oxidant isn’t clear q q HO· Fe. IV=O 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 44

Degradation of EDTA by ZEA reaction 1 m. M EDTA (50 m. L, aqueous) 2. 5 g Fe° + air 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 45

Carbon Balance - Total Organic Carbon*, ESI-MS**, HPLC# Trapping of the volatile gases using Tenax® showed no volatile organic carbon of molecular weight C 4 and above released from the system during the course of the reaction 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 46

Products of ZEA System n None of the products of EDTA are significant metal chelation agents. n All are more easily biodegraded. n The ZEA system has proven successful at the degradation of other organic xenobiotics. n n n 10 September 2007 Halocarbons Organophosphorus Organics University of Idaho - Washington State University 47

Organophosphorous Nerve Agents and Nitrated Explosive Surrogates TNT surrogate, nitrobenzene (985 ppm) was decomposed in 24 hours. VX surrogate, malathion (49 ppm) was consumed in 4 hours, to give diethyl succinate. Malathion was the only pollutant to give a byproduct detectable by GC-FID. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 48

Malathion Degradation DES malathion max: 4 -6 hrs PO 43 - + SO 42 - : 0. 0593 m. M (14% yield) (24 hrs) PO 42 - : 0. 0825 m. M (19 % yield) (24 hrs) 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University malaoxon Max: 7 hrs 49

Kinetics of Malathion Degradation Malathion Diethyl Succinate (DES) GC/FID chromatograph: each data point indicates an individual reaction vial extracted using 50/50 hexane/ethyl acetate, error bars indicate the standard deviation between three measurements of each sample vial. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 50

Kinetically stable organic products from ZEA degradation. iminodiacetic acid (degrades after 12 hrs) propionic acid Degradation products for 10 September 2007 bicarbonate succinic acid Oxalic acid -EDTA -Malathion -4 -chlorophenol -pentachlorophenol -phenol University of Idaho - Washington State University 51

Overall Scheme (simplified) Metal dissolution: n Fe(0) Fe 2+ + 2 e- This study Beenackers Ing. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 32, 2580 Van Eldik Inorg. Chem, 1997, 36, 4115 -4120 25. 5 k. J/mol 27. 2 k. J/mol 33. 9 k. J/mol (1) Complex formation n Fe 2+ + EDTA Fe. IIEDTA (2) Homogeneous O 2 activation: n 2 Fe. IIEDTA + O 2 + 2 H+ 2 Fe. IIIEDTA + H 2 O 2 (3) Fenton Reaction n Fe. IIEDTA + H 2 O 2 Fe. IIIEDTA + OH • + OH- (4) EDTA degradation: n OH • + Fe. EDTA Fe 2+/3+ + EDTA* (5) § EDTA* = damaged EDTA Redox Cycling: n Fe. IIIEDTA + e- Fe. IIEDTA (6) • Step 3 is Rate-Limiting 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 52

Voltammetric Studies n n ZEA reaction rate is dependent on p. H 2. 5 < p. H < 4. 5 LMW Acids Self Buffers the ZEA reaction at 3. 5 Oxygen Activation Rates Measured By Cyclic Voltammetry 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 53

CV of Fe(II/III)EDTA in the presence of O 2 n Electrocatalytic (EC’) Voltammetry 2 Figure 1. Cyclic voltammetric curves on a p. H =3 sample A 1. 5 1 u. A A) 0. 1 m. M Fe. IIIEDTA and O 2 saturated, B) 0. 1 m. M Fe. IIIEDTA only, scan rate = 5 m. V/s. 10 September 2007 0. 5 B B 0 -0. 5 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0 -0. 1 -0. 2 -0. 3 -0. 4 V University of Idaho - Washington State University 54

Electrocatalytic currents at -200 m. V at 5 m. V/s. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 55

2. 5 < p. H < 4. 5 Free Fe 2+ Fe. IIEDTA Fe. II(OH)2 EDTA Fe. II(OH)EDTA Fe. IIH 10 September 2007 2 EDTA Fe. IIHEDTA (MLH) University of Idaho - Washington State University 56

Fe(II)HEDTA or MLH is responsible for oxygen activation N N N Fe I 10 September 2007 II COOH N N Fe COOH HOOC O 2 COOH N HOOC N COOH III University of Idaho - Washington State University 57

ZEA Reaction - Conclusions n This system is a viable option for the destruction of a variety of pollutants and has a strong possibility for scale up. n The only system known to date that can obtain non-biological Oxygen Activation at room temperature and pressure to produce reactive oxygen species that are capable of fully degrading pollutants to LMW carboxylates and inorganic forms n Due to the duality of EDTA acting as both a pro-oxidant and antioxidant, controlling the [EDTA] is imperative to the success of the process. n Rate-limiting steps is (are) oxygen activation n Fe. IIEDTA may provide insights into biological oxygen activation 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 58

Detector for Triacetone Triperoxide n Wikipedia http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acetone_peroxide n Acetone peroxide (triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 59

TATP Detector Outline n Background q q n Need for Detection Systems q q q n Dangers Recent News Fast Field Portable (handheld) Selective and LOD Electrochemical Detection Via Fenton Rxn 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 60

TATP – the threat • Due to the cost and ease with which the precursors can be obtained, acetone peroxide is commonly manufactured by those without the resources needed to manufacture or buy more sophisticated explosives. When the reaction is carried out without proper equipment the risk of an accident is significant. • http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acetone_peroxide 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 61

TATP – Ease of Synthesis n n n 3 H 2 O 2 + 3 CH 3 COCH 3= ((CH 3)2 COO)3 + 3 H 2 O Ice Bath 3% H 2 O 2 (30% or more preferable) Acetone (paint thinner) H 2 SO 4 (battery acid) 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 62

TATP – physiochemical characteristics n n n Shock Sensitive Heat Sensitive High V. P. 7 Pa @ 300 K* q n n n 66% weight loss within 2 weeks at room temperature** No Possible Commercial or Military Applications *Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 30 (2005)127 **J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 1146 -1159 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 63

TATP is suicide bombers' weapon of choice n Times (London) July 15, 2005 By Philippe Naughton n Rediscovered in the West Bank (Israel) in the early 1980 s and soon became an extremists' staple. n Suicide Bombers – “Mother of Satan” n But as the Palestinian bomb-makers will attest - 40 Palestinians are thought to have been killed making or handling the explosive - it is highly unstable and sensitive to heat and friction. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 64

TATP – Most Recent News n NY Times Sept. 5, 2007 n FRANKFURT, Sept. 5 — The German police have arrested three Islamic militants suspected of planning large-scale terrorist attacks against several sites frequented by Americans, including discos, bars, airports, and military installations. n She said the suspects had amassed large amounts of hydrogen peroxide, the main chemical used to manufacture the explosives used in the suicide bombings in London in July 2005. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 65

TATP – London Subway Bombings n July 7, 2005 http: //news. bbc. co. uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/uk_enl_1121567244/img/1. jpg 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 66

TATP – Shoe Bomber n http: //www. univie. ac. at/cga/art/shoe_bomb 3. gif 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 67

TATP – Domestic Terrorists n http: //www. koco. com/news/ 5058347/detail. html n Sources Identify TATP As Component Of Bomb TATP Same Component Used By Infamous Shoe Bomber POSTED: 9: 56 pm CDT October 4, 2005 UPDATED: 10: 11 pm CDT October 4, 2005 n NORMAN, Okla. -- Sources confirmed Tuesday night that at least one of the components in the bomb used by Joel Henry Hinrichs III Saturday night was a product called TATP. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 68

TATP – TSA Fluid Ban n Effective November 10, 2006, the TSA has advised that travelers may now carry through security checkpoints travel-size toiletries (3. 4 ounces/100 ml or less) that fit comfortably in ONE, QUARTSIZE, clear plastic re-sealable bag. q q q The 3 -1 -1 Kit contains six 2 -1/2 oz and four 1 -1/2 oz flexible squeeze tubes, plus one 1 -3/4 oz Envirosprayer. Kit is also compliant with the new International Security Measures Accord. http: //www. easytravelerinc. com/ 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 69

TATP Detection the Challenge n The Need for a Fast Portable Detector n Innocuous Appearing White Powder n Despite a high VP Cannot be Sensed by Dogs n Lacks Chromophoric Groups (not detectable by UV-vis absorbance) 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 70

TATP – Detector Requirements n Unknown Materials – Public Safety, e. g. Airports q n Air Samples, e. g. Airports q n Moderate Selectivity– Low Limits of Detection Required Debris at Post-Explosion Sites q n High Selectivity – Low Limits of Detection not Required High Selectivity– Low Detection Limits Field Portability Schulte-Ladbeck, R. ; Vogel, M. ; Karst, U Recent methods for the determination of peroxide-based explosives Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386 559 -565 (2006) 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 71

TATP - Detector n IR-Raman q n Fluorescence/UV-vis Absorbance q n Low LOD requires tagging Ion Mobility q n High Selectivity – Relatively High LOD Good Selectivity, moderate LOD HPLC or GC q Excellent Selectivity and LOD 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 72

TATP – State of Detectors n Costs n Lack of Field Portability q n Ideal – Handheld Sensor May Require Knowledgeable User q e. g. Commercial Glucose Sensors 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 73

Glucose Sensors - www. edaq. com/teachapp 3. html 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 74

DC Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6 th ed. Chapter 17 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 75

TATP – Detection by Electrochemical Means n n Proposed Basis For Detection Fenton Reaction for Organic Peroxides RO-OR + Fe. IIEDTA RO- + RO· + Fe. IIIEDTA 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 76

TATP – Electrochemical Detection Reaction with Organic Peroxides is not Spontaneous RO-OR + Fe. IIEDTA N. R. RO-OR + e- RO- + RO· Fe. IIEDTA Fe. IIIEDTA + e. Ecell = Ecath – Eanod 10 September 2007 E 0 <-0. 5 V 0. 1 V -0. 6 V University of Idaho - Washington State University 77

TATP – Electrochemical Detection Reaction with Peroxides and Hydroperoxides is Spontaneous RO-OH + e- RO- + HO· HO-OH + e- HO- + HO· E 0 ≈0. 4 V 0. 8 V Fe. IIEDTA + RO-OH/HO-OH Fe. IIIEDTA + RO∙/H+ n Requires that TATP be degraded 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 78

TATP – Degradation to HOOH/ROOH n Acid degradation n TATP + H+ H 2 O 2 + Products n 0. 250 M [HCl] 10 minutes n 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 79

TATP – Cyclic Voltammograms after Acid Digestion A B Figure 1. Cyclic voltammograms of two solutions both containing 10 m. M TATP and 1 m. M Fe. IIIEDTA under dearated conditions, 30 m. V/s. A) Acid treated TATP. B) Non-acid treated TATP. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 80

TATP – Chronoamperometric Detection n n Simpler and Faster than Cyclic Voltammetry Basis of the Glucose Sensor 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 81

TATP - 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 82

A B Figure 3. Current-time measurements of a glassy carbon transducer in 1 m. M Fe. IIIEDTA. A) 0. 04 m. M acid treated TATP, B) Background with no TATP. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 83

Figure 4. TATP calibration curve. The slope provides a sensitivity of 0. 025 m. A/m. M TATP. The detection limit was found to be 0. 886 μM. Error bars indicate one standard deviation. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 84

Conclusions – Chronoamperometric TATP Detection n 0. 886 µM LOD n O 2 interference q q n Fe. IIEDTA + O 2 Fe. IIIEDTA + O 2. Fe. IIEDTA + HO-OH Fe. IIIEDTA + HO∙ + HO- Requires Acid Pretreatment q 10 min. Sample Pretreatment 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 85

Future Work n Elimination of O 2 interference q q n n Metal Complex Reduction Potential Kinetics of H 2 O 2 vs. O 2 reduction Optimal Hydrolysis Design of probes q q Air Samples Liquid Sample 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 86

Acknowledgements Derek Laine Funding NIH Kenichi Shimizu NSF Simon Mc. Allister NSF-SGER Ruhba Ponraj Mark D. Engelmann, Ph. D. 2003 Tina Noradoun, Ph. D. 2005 Ryan Hutcheson, B. S. 2004 Rob Bobier, B. S. 2002 NASA EPRI BLM UI Terry Hiatt, B. S. 2000 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 87

10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 88

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Biology 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 89

ROS and Inflammation Phagocytes Infections -viruses -bacteria -parasites Foreign Substances -smoke -asbestos Damaged Tissue -heat -mechanical -UV 10 September 2007 Activation of Inflammatory Cells University of Idaho - Washington State University ROS RNS 90

ROS and Inflammation Cl. O 2. H 2 O 2 NO. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University HOCl + Ca 2+ ONOO. - 91

Iron Enzymes and the Fenton Reaction Hemes/Cytochromes Oxygenases Oxidases H 2 O 2 + reducing agent HO. • All Fe-containing enzymes are quite good Fenton Reaction agents. • Oxidative Stress 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 92

10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 93

Inflammation The Good Inflammation protects the body • Destroys invading pathogens • Dissolves damaged tissue The Bad Chronic or prolong inflammation Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases • All the many types of allergies • Many of the autoimmune diseases 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 94

Role of Calcium in Inflammation 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 95

Role of Calcium in Inflammation n Enhances Oxidative Processes in Inflammation ROS n n Paradoxically Redox Inactive, i. e. always Ca 2+ Inflammation { H 2 O 2. - Ca 2+ Role in Biological Oxidations Not Well Understood 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 96

Inflammation Sequence Fe. II apoenzyme HO· ROS Inflammation { H 2 O 2 Cl- HOCl Fe. IIenzyme O 2. NO ONOO- Ca 2+ ? 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 97

The Low MW Iron Pool Fe. II apoenzyme HO· ROS Inflammation { H 2 O 2 Cl- HOCl Fe. IIenzyme O 2. NO ONOO- Ca 2+ ? Fe Fe released into LMW pool ROS 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 98

Ligands for the LMW Fe pool n n n Glutamate Citrate Phosphates, e. g. ATP, ADP, GTP, etc. Amino Acids Peptides Proteins (HMW) 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 99

Fe(II/III)EDTA as a model for physiological LMW Fe 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 100

The concentration ratio of [Chelate/Ligand]: [Fe] is very high n n n Physiological Concentration Mobile (Free) Iron ≈ 10 -9 M [Chelates/Ligand] ≈ 10 -3 M Does this have any effect of the reactivity of LMW-Fe in the Fenton Rxn? 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 101

10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 102

Fe. II/IIIEDTA CV in [Fe]: [EDTA] at 1: 10 and 1: 1 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 103

EC’ CV of Fe. II/IIIEDTA (1: 1) with H 2 O 2 n n n Fe. IIIEDTA + e- = Fe. IIEDTA + H 2 O 2 = Fe. IIIEDTA + HO- + HO∙ (fast) H 2 O 2 + e- = HO- + HO∙ (slow) 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 104

EC’ current measured at -700 m. V various ratios of [Fe]: [Ligand] 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 105

Excess molar EDTA and other Chelates suppress Fenton Rxn kinetics = 102 -104 (see references below) n Fe. II-OOH(EDTA) + Excess EDTA Fe. II(EDTA) + HOOH n V. Zang, R. van Eldik “Kinetics and Mechanism of the Autoxidation of Iron(II) Induced through Chelation by Ethylenediaminetetracetate and Related Ligands” Inorganic Chemistry 1990, 29, 1705 -1711. n Ariane Brausam, Rudi van Eldik “Further Mechanistic Information on the Reaction Bewteen Fe. IIIEDTA and Hydrogen Peroxide: Observations of a Second Reaction Step and Importance of p. H” Inorganic Chemistry, 2004, 43, 5351 -5359. n [1] Walling, C. , Kurz, M. , Schugar, H. J. 1970 “The Iron(III)-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid-Peroxide System” Inorganic Chemistry, 9(4), 931 -937 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 106

Hypothesized Role of Calcium in Inflammation 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 107

Ca 2+ increases Fenton Rxn Kinetics in high [EDTA]: [Fe] ratios n Recovery of Fenton reactivity of Fe complexes by addition of Ca 2+. n 1: 50 [Fe. III]: [citrate] n 1: 20 [Fe. III]: [NTA] 1: 10 [Fe. III]: [EDTA] n n Other common conditions: 0. 1 m. M Fe 3+, 22. 8 m. M H 2 O 2, and p. H 7. 4 HEPES, carbon disk electrode, 10 m. V/s sweep rate 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 108

Table 1: Stability Constants for M: L complexes Log β 1 Ca+2 Fe+3 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) (HOOCCH 2)2 NCH 2 N(CH 2 COOH)2 10. 65 14. 32 25. 1 Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) (HOOCCH 2)3 N 6. 3 8. 9 15. 9 Citric Acid HOOCCH 2 CH(OH)(COOH)-CH 2 COOH 3. 45 4. 4 11. 5 • Ca 2+ uptakes excess metal binding capacity without displacing Fe. II or Fe. III • Optimizes Fe. IIEDTA to the 1: 1 molar ratio form 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 109

Fe. II apoenzyme HO· ROS Inflammation { H 2 O 2 Cl- HOCl Fe. IIenzyme O 2. NO ONOO- Ca 2+ High [L]: [Fe. II] Oxidatively inactive Fe released into LMW pool Ca 2+ optimized [L]: [Fe. II] Oxidatively active 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 110

Fe. II apoenzyme HO· ROS { Inflammation H 2 O 2 Cl- HOCl Fe. IIenzyme O 2. - Fe released into LMW pool NO ONOOHigh [L]: [Fe. II] inactive Ca 2+ redox cycling H 2 O 2 HO· Damage to DNA Lipids Proteins optimized [L]: [Fe. II] active 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 111

Conclusions II n Fe. II/IIIEDTA is a good model for LMW physiological iron n Ca 2+ part of the inflammation cascade to optimize Fe chelation sphere for the Fenton Rxn. 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 112

Other studies using Fe. EDTA n Sensor for Peroxide Based Explosives n O 2 reduction catalysts for fuel cells 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 113

Acknowledgements Derek Laine Funding NIH Kenichi Shimizu NSF Simon Mc. Allister NASA Ruhba Ponraj Mark D. Engelmann, Ph. D. 2003 Tina Noradoun, Ph. D. 2005 Ryan Hutcheson, B. S. 2004 EPRI BLM UI Rob Bobier, B. S. 2002 Terry Hiatt, B. S. 2000 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 114

http: //www. moscow. com/ 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 115

10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 116

www. latahrealty. com/ 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 117

10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 118

Visit Our Web Site! www. chem. uidaho. edu 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 119

UI Stipend goes along way in Moscow, Idaho TA+Renfrew Scholarship 12 months $18, 800 Effective Fees -$1, 940 Health Insurance -$1, 200 Average One Bedroom Apt $350 -550 Average Two Bedroom Apt $450 -650 10 September 2007 University of Idaho - Washington State University 120