The main purposes of the course: • To get information about official academic writing styles; • To form the academic writing skills; • To get students ready to perform scientific work according to the European Academic Standards; • To assist students in performing the graduating diploma defense in English
TOPIC 1 ABSTRACT (ANNOTATION, SUMMARY) QUESTIONS: 1. DEFINITION 2. PURPOSE AND LIMITATION 3. STRUCTURE
An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports an executive summary is used instead of abstract (it contains more information)
Purpose and Limitation Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an academic conferences Most literature database search engines index only abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Abstracts are protected under copyright law just as any other form of written speech is protected. However, publishers of scientific articles invariably make abstracts publicly available, even when the article itself is protected by a toll barrier.
The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. An abstract allows one to sift through copious amounts of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to his or her research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance.
Structure: An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work: • The research focus (i. e. statement of the problem(s)/research issue(s) addressed); • The research methods used (experimental research, case studies, questionnaires, etc. ); • The results/findings of the research; • The main conclusions and recommendations
It may also contain brief references, although some publications' standard style omits references from the abstract, reserving them for the article body (which, by definition, treats the same topics but in more depth) Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words An abstract does not have the section title of "abstract“. Abstracts are typically sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper, with any of the following subheadings: Background: Introduction, Objectives; Methods, Results and Conclusions. Also there can be the Key Words
Example The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting by Daniel Weihs, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Abstract: Background Drafting in cetaceans is defined as the transfer of forces between individuals without actual physical contact between them. This behavior has long been surmised to explain how young dolphin calves keep up with their rapidly moving mothers. It has recently been observed that a significant number of calves become permanently separated from their mothers during chases by tuna vessels. A study of the hydrodynamics of drafting, initiated inmechanisms causing the separation of mothers and calves during fishing-related activities, is reported here. Results Quantitative results are shown for the forces and moments around a pair of unequally sized dolphin-like slender bodies. These include two major effects. First, the so-called Bernoulli suction, which stems from the fact that the local pressure drops in areas of high speed, results in an attractive force between mother and calf. Second is the displacement effect, in which the motion of the mother causes the water in front to move forwards and radially outwards, and water behind the body to move forwards to replace the animal's mass. Thus, the calf can gain a 'free ride' in the forward-moving areas. Utilizing these effects, the neonate can gain up to 90% of the thrust needed to move alongside the mother at speeds of up to 2. 4 m/s. A comparison with observations of eastern spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) is presented, showing savings of up to 60% in the thrust that calves require if they are to keep up with their mothers. Conclusions A theoretical analysis, backed by observations of free-swimming dolphin schools, indicates that hydrodynamic interactions with mothers play an important role in enabling dolphin calves to keep up with rapidly moving adult school members.
Women And Men In Entrepreneurship Background: This paper of female entrepreneurship has been inspired by gender equality issues. Today research and policy have been more and more fuelled by the idea that female entrepreneurs are important for economic progress. Results: Female entrepreneurs were assumed to experience gender-related discrimination and to experience more difficulties when starting up and running a business than their male counterparts. Even when issues such as barriers and obstacles to female entrepreneurs are raised in the gender and entrepreneurship debate, this is usually done from the perspective that female entrepreneurs are an untapped resource and have potential to contribute to a country’s economic performance. Conclusion: Although gender equality is one of the arguments underlying the support for female entrepreneurs within the European Union, the argument that female entrepreneurs (have the potential to)contribute to economic performance continues to play a role here. The global growth of female entrepreneurship in the last decades has been accompanied by an increase in the number of studies on female entrepreneurship. Keywords: Managing diversity, female entrepreneurship, economic performance, gender differences, entrepreneurial diversity