The main division of expressive means Lexical Stylistic

The main division of expressive means. Lexical Stylistic Devices Lecture 1

"Ancient" classification Tropes Figures of speech (of construction and of diction)

Functional classification figurative language means expressive language means

Level-oriented classification phonetic lexical sd sd syntactical sd

Modern classification paradigmatic figures syntagmatic figures Examples: She is a beautiful lily-of-the-valley. 2) I kissed thee ere I killed thee. 1)

Classifications of tropes Descriptive Tropes Expressing Relations

Descriptive Tropes 1. 2. 3. A. Tropes based on comparison Simile Metaphor Personification 1. 2. B. Tropes based on constant connections (contiguity) Metonymy Synecdoche 1. 2. 3. C. Mixed group allegory antonomasia epithet

Cognitive Metaphors American linguists Lakoff and Johnson in the book “METAPHORS WE LIVE BY” speak about conventional and cognitive Ms. They state that M is a basic characteristic of language and human cognition. M is much tied to cultural values.

A metaphor is a figurative comparison in which one idea (or conceptual domain) is understood in terms of another. A conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience. In cognitive linguistics, the conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is known as the source domain. The conceptual domain that is understood in this way is the target domain. E. g. the source domain of the JOURNEY is commonly used to explain the target domain of LIFE.

"Basic conceptual metaphors are part of the common conceptual apparatus shared by members of a culture. They are systematic in that there is a fixed correspondence between the structure of the domain to be understood (e. g. , death) and the structure of the domain in terms of which we are understanding it (e. g. , departure). We usually understand them in terms of common experiences. They are largely unconscious, though attention may be drawn to them. Their operation in cognition is almost automatic. And they are widely conventionalized in language, that is, there a great number of words and idiomatic expressions in our language whose meanings depend upon those conceptual metaphors. “

M is much tied to cultural values. In Western civilization: Time is Money Passion is Hunger / Meals